分享

薄冰实用英语语法详解(不全)

 似曾相识2017 2011-10-10
注意:

1. 在口语和非正式文体中 that 在引导宾语从句时可以省去,例如:

They say he is much better. 他们说他好多了。

I‘m afraid he clean forgot about it. 我恐怕他忘得一干二净了。

2. 如果宾语从句后面跟有补语,要用形式宾语it来代替,而将从句放到补语的后面去,例如:

He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.

他说的很清楚这个会议将不推迟。

We think it wrong that he didn't help her. 我们觉得他不帮助她是不对的。

3. 如果主句的谓语是过去时,宾语从句的时态要调整成相应的时态, 但是若宾语从句表示的是客观真理或自然现象即谓语时态则仍然用一般现在时,例如:

He said that he would come again. 他说他会再来。

He said that he had left his umbrella in the liberary. 他说把伞忘在图书馆了。

The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun.

老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。
4. 在think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词所跟的宾语中,如果从句谓语是否定的,一般要将否定词移至主句的谓语之上而将从句宾语变为肯定的形式,例如:

I don’t suppose it is rush hour yet. 我看还没有到高峰期。

I’m sorry but I don’t think I know you. 很抱歉我想我并不认识你。

5. 在hope, believe, image, suppose, guess, think 等及物动词以及I’m afraid 等表达的后面,可用so 代替一个宾语从句,该宾语从句通常是上文提到的一件事,例如:Do you think we will have a good weather? -I hope so.

你认为我们会有好天气吗?- 我希望如此。

其否定形式可用上述动词的否定式或者用“not” 代替 “so”, 例如:

I don’t believe so. 或者 I believe not. 我想不是这样。

hope 常用第二种否定形式,也就是 I hope not. 我不希望这样。
1. 同位语从句用于表示名词的内容对其加以解释,能跟有同位语从句的往往是具有一定内容含义的抽象名词,

这些抽象名词有:answer 【回答】, believe 【信心、信念】,certainty 【确实的事】,

conclusion 【结论】,condition 【条件】,decision 【决定】,desire 【愿望】,

doubt 【怀疑】,dream 【梦想】,evidence 【证据】,fact 【事实】,fear 【恐惧】,

feeling 【感觉】,hope 【希望】,idea 【主意、意见、打算、想法】,

information 【消息、情报】,instruction 【指导、指示、说明】,message 【消息、信息】,news 【新闻、消息】,order 【命令】,possibility 【可能性】,problem 【问题】,

promise 【诺言】,question 【问题】,reply 【回答、答复】,report 【报告】,

rule 【规定、规则】,rumor 【谣言】,suggestion 【建议、提议】,thought 【想法】,

truth 【真实、真相】,warning 【警报、警告】等等。

例如:

We were very excited exercise news that our chinese athletes won many gold medals.

我们听到我们中国运动员赢得了许多金牌的消息非常激动。

The fact that the contract were signed was important.

签订了合同这件事本身就很重要。 2.同位语从句通常由that 引导,但随着与其同位的名词不同,也可由whether, when, which, who, how, what, why 等词引出,例如:

The question whether we needed it has not yet been considered.

我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。

I have no idea when she will be back. 我不知道她何时回来。

I have no idea which dictionary is hers. 我不知道哪本词典是她的。

The question who was to plan has never been settled.

该由谁负责这个问题根本没有解决。

It is very difficult to answer your question how I did it.

很难回答你提出的我是怎样做的问题。

Next comes question what you wanted for.

其次就是这个问题你为什么要他。

My question why he did it at all has not been answered.

我的问题究竟为什么他做这件事还没有得到回答。
由于同位语从句常常可译为…… 的想法、消息等,因此有的语法家将其归为特殊的定语从句,事实上两者还是有一定的区别的,例如:

We are delighted as news that we are going to spent our summer vocation in Dalian.

同位语从句,句中that 从句中本身的内容就是news 内容本身,that在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接的作用:

听到暑假将要在大连度过的消息我们非常高兴。

Neither of us showed any interesting in the news that John told us yesterday.

定语从句 that 从句说明是怎样的news,that 在从句中充当tell 的宾语:

对约翰昨天告诉的消息我俩都不感兴趣。
直接引语是陈述句转述为间接引语时成为一个由连词that 【在口语中可省去】引导的宾语从句,同时原句的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语等都要做相应的变化:

1. 人称的变化,例如:

She said: “my name is Annie”. 她说:“我叫安妮”。【直接引语】

She said that her name was Annie. 她说她叫安妮。【间接引语】

He said to me: “you have to improve your working method”.

他对我说你必须改进工作方法。【直接引语】

He told me that I have to improve my working method.

他告诉我必须改进工作方法。【间接引语】

有时为了避免含混,需要用具体名词来代替人称代词,例如:

He said: “ he is very clever ”.不可以变成:

He said that he was very clever.

直接引语中的he 不是主句的主语he, 根据实际情况在间接引语中可作如下的变换:

He said that peter was very clever.
一般现在时到一般过去时,例如:

He said: “I like it very much”.

他说:“我非常喜欢它”。 【直接引语】

He said that he like it very much.

他说他很喜欢它。【间接引语】

但直接引语如果是客观真理或是陈述一种反复出现或习惯性动作改为间接引语时,其一般现在时不变,例如:

The teacher said: “the world is made up of matter”.

老师说:“世界是由物质组成的”。【直接引语】

The teacher said that the world is made up of matter.

老师说世界是由物质组成的。

Tom said: “I go to work in my car everyday”.

汤姆说:“我每天坐我的车上班”。【直接引语】

Tom said that he goes to work in his car everyday.

汤姆说他每天坐他的车上班”。【间接引语】
现在进行时转为过去进行时,例如:

He said: “I’m listening to the weather prediction now.”

他说:“我在听天气预报”

She said that she was listening to the weather prediction then.

他说他那时在听天气预报。

现在完成时转为过去完成时,例如:

He said: “I have finished my homework.”

他说:“我已经完成作业了。”

He said that he had finished his homework.

他说他已做完看了作业。

一般将来时转为过去将来时,例如:

Linda said: “I will do it after class.”

琳达说:“这件事我下课后做。”

Linda said that she will do it after class.

琳达说那件事她下课以后做。 She said:" I will come here this afternoon."

她说:“今天下午我将到那里去。”

She said that she would go there that afternoon.

她说那天下午她将到那里去。

表中的那些变化要根据具体时间和具体地点的情况而定,不可以机器的照搬。

如果就在当地转述,"here" 就不必改为 "there","come" 也不必改1 "go" .

如果就在当天转述,"yesterday"和"tomorrow"等时间状语,也不必改变。

例如:

she said:" I'll wait for you here tonight Jane. "

she told Jane that she would wait for here tonight


I don't believe the rumor that he has killed his daughter.

我不相信他杀死了他女儿的谣言。
直接引语如果是疑问句改为间接引语时,除了要遵守以上的各种变化规则外,还应该把直接引语中的疑问句语序改为陈述句语序,句末用句号

1. 直接引语由一般疑问句变为间接引语时需要用连接词whether 或if 将其引出使其成为间接引语的宾语从句,如果从句中的谓语动词为said 则将其改为asked, 如果谓语动词后没有间接宾语,可以加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, us 等等,例如:

She said: “is your father at hone?” 她问:“你父亲在家吗?”

She asked me whether my father was at home. 她问我的父亲是否在家。

He asked me: “are you from Beijing?” 他问我你是北京人吗?

He asked me whether I was from Beijing. 他问我是不是北京人。
2. 直接引语为特殊疑问句时,间接引语变为有疑问词引出的宾语从句,例如:

Mary said: “What do you want, John?”

玛丽说:“约翰,你要什么?”

Mary asked John what he wanted.

玛丽问约翰要什么。

He asked me: “where do you live?”

他问我:“你住在哪里?”

He asked me where I lived.

他问我住在哪里。

He asked me: “how much is this computer?”

他问我:“这台电脑多少钱?”

He asked me how much that computer was.

他问我那台电脑多少钱。

She asked John: “where are you going for your holidays?”

她问约翰: “你要到哪儿去度假?”

She asked John where he was going for his holidays.

她问约翰要到哪儿去度假。
在句中起定语作用,修饰某一个名词或代词,或修饰整个句子,或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词,定语从句通常跟在先行词之后,由关系词引出,因此定语从句又可称为关系分句。

关系词可分为关系代词:that, which,who,whom,whose 等等.

关系副词:when, where,why 等等.

关系词既起着联系从句和主句的作用,又代替先行词在从句中担任一定的语法成分,如主语、宾语、定语和状语等。例如:

The woman who is standing by the classroom is our English teacher.

站在教室旁边的那个女人是我们的英语老师。

    本站是提供个人知识管理的网络存储空间,所有内容均由用户发布,不代表本站观点。请注意甄别内容中的联系方式、诱导购买等信息,谨防诈骗。如发现有害或侵权内容,请点击一键举报。
    转藏 分享 献花(0

    0条评论

    发表

    请遵守用户 评论公约

    类似文章 更多