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直接引语变间接引语的巧学 (Direct and Indirect Speech)
（1）歌诀巧记人称变化：
人称变更怎么办？
“一主①、二宾②、三不变”③若是自引自的话，听者不变称不变。
注：
①“一主”指在直接引语中的第一人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的主语在人称上保持一致。如：
He sad，“I am forty，”→He said that he was forty．
②“二宾”指直接引语中的第二人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的间接宾语保持人称一致。如：
He said，“Are you coming tomorrow？”→He asked me if I wascoming the next day．
③“三不变”指直接引语中的第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。如：
He said，“Is she an English teacher？”→He asked if she was an English teacher．
另外注意直接引语为复数，引述者主语为单数，间接引语主语相应变复数。如：
He said，“Are you interested in English？”→He asked me/us if Iwas/we were interested in English．
（2）一变·二换·三变化·四连词：
一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为间接引语时要注意：
1）改为陈述句语序。
2）人称代词、时态等也要变化。
3）主句谓语动词为said时，换为asked。
“一变”即改变语序；
“二换”即换said为asked；
“三变化”，即人称、时态要变化；
“四连词”，即原来为一般问句时，间接引语中用whether或if，原来为特殊问句时，间接引语中仍用原来的疑问词。如：
He asked: “Is it raining now?”
He asked whether/if it was raining
He asked: “How can go to the museum?”
Her asked how he could to the museum.
当然，用口诀记似乎更简便，易记易学些。
①直接引语为一般疑问句，变为间接引语的口诀是：
去掉引号加if（或whether）， 陈述语序要记住。
时态、人称和状语， 小心变化别马虎。
②直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语的口诀是：
直接去引号， 陈述莫忘掉。
助动do（does）、did， 一定要去掉。
（3）一改·二变·三加·四去：
祈使句变成间接引语时，根据说话人的语气分别用tell、ask、order、beg等作谓语，将原来的祈使句改为动词不定式。
1）said（to）改为asked（或told，ordered）；
2）said to的宾语或呼语变为asked等的宾语；
3）在动词原形前加to，使之成为动词不定式；
4）去掉please。如：
She said: “Please help yourvselves to the chicken.”
She asked us to help ourselves to the chicken.
The teacher said: “Don’t make any more noise, Tom.”
The teacher told Tom not to make any more noise.
用歌诀记忆直接引语为祈使句变间接引语：
去掉引号要加to， asked、ordered加“告诉”（told），
直引若为否定句， not加在to前部。
（4）直接引语变间接引语时态对应转换表：
直接引语时态 间接引语时态
一般现在时→ 一般过去时
一般将来时→ 过去将来时
现在进行时→ 过去进行时
一般过去时→ 过去完成时
现在完成时→ 过去完成时
过去完成时→ 过去完成时
情态动词也要变成相应的过去时：can→could；may→might；must→had to
直接引语和间接引语的系统学习和复习
(Direct and Indirect Speech)
简 述
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直接引语是直接引述别人的原话，原话用有引号，而间接引语是引述别人的话，不用引号。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直
接引语改为间接引语时，引述动词是现在时，则间接引语中的动词、时间、时态的形式不变。
例如：
She says, “ I’ll never forget the moment.”变成间接引语为She says that she’ll never forget the moment.
但是如引述动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词、时间、时态、地点、人称等一般要作相应的变化。
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| 1. 直接引语与间接引语变化的一般规律 |
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在直接引语中 |
在间接引语中 |
| 指示代词 |
this
these |
that
those |
时间状语
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now
today
yesterday
last week
tomorrow
next year
Two days ago |
then
that day
the day before
the week before
the next day
the next year
two days before |
| 地点状语 |
here |
there |
| 动词时态 |
一般现在时
现左进行时
现在完成时
一般过去时
过去完成时
一般将来时 |
一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
过去完成时
（不变）
过去将来时 |
| 动词变化 |
can/may
must
come
bring |
could/might
had to
go
take |
间接引语中时间与地点转换参考：
例如:
"I will see youhere tomorrow", she said.  She said that she would see me there the next day.
最常用的显示如下:
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that day |
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"I saw him today", she said. |
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She said that she had seen him that day.
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| Yesterday |
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the day before |
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"I saw him yesterday", she said. |
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She said that she had seen him the day before.
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| The day before yesterday |
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two days before |
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"I met her the day before yesterday", he said. |
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He said that he had met her two days before.
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| Tomorrow |
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the next/following day |
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"I'll see you tomorrow", he said |
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He said that he would see me the next day.
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| The day after tomorrow |
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in two days time/ two days later |
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"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said. |
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They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later.
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| Next week/month/year |
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the following week/month/year |
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"I have an appointment next week", she said. |
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She said that she had an appointment the following week.
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Last week/month/year |
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the previous/week/month/year |
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"I was on holiday last week", he told us. |
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He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.
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| ago |
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before |
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"I saw her a week ago," he said. |
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He said he had seen her a week before. |
| this (for time) |
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that
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"I'm getting a new car this week", she said. |
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She said she was getting a new carthat week. |
| this/that (形容词) |
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the |
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"Do you like this shirt?" he asked |
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He asked if I liked the shirt.
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| here |
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there |
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He said, "I live here". |
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He told me he livedthere. |
其他变化:
通常来说, 第一人称代词转为第三人称单数或复数（除非讲话者在引用自己的话）:
I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours him/his/her/hers
we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours they/their/theirs:
He said: "I like your new car." He told her that he liked her new car.
I said: "I'm going tomy friend's house." I said that I was going to my friend's house.
通常来说，转换成间接引语时，要在直接引语时间的基础上提前一个时态:
She said, "I am tired." She said that shewas tired.
变化如下:
| 一般现在时 |
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一般过去时 |
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"I always drink coffee", she said |
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She said that she always drank coffee.
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| 现在进行时 |
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过去进行时 |
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"I am reading a book", he explained. |
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He explained that he was reading a book
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| 一般过去时 |
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过去完成时 |
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"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. |
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He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
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| 现在完成时 |
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过去完成时 |
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"I have been to Spain", he told me. |
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He told me that he had been to Spain
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| 过去完成时 |
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过去完成时 |
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"I had just turned out the light," he explained. |
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He explained that he had just turned out the light.
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| 现在完成进行时 |
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过去完成进行时 |
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They complained, "We have been waiting for hours". |
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They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
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| 过去进行时 |
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过去完成进行时 |
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"We were living in Paris", they told me. |
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They told me that they had been living in Paris.
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| 一般将来时 |
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过去将来时 |
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"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said |
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He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
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| 将来进行时 |
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过去将来进行时 |
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She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday". |
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She said that she would be using the car next Friday. |
| 2. 直接引语与间接引语变化中的三要素 |
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要素一：陈述句的间接引语——连接词用that，在口语中可省略。引述动词用said, told, 等。例如：
1) He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”→
He told me that he had left his book in his room.
2) Shesaid: “He will be busy.”→
Shesaidthat he would be busy.
要素二： 疑问句的间接引语。一般疑问句后连接词用if或whether，而引述选择疑问句时只能用whether，引述动词用asked，没有间接引语的可以加一个间接宾语me, him等（去掉问号）例如：
1）She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”→ She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.
She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”→She asked me whether that book was mine or his.
2) 特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词，改为陈述语序（即S+V+...）。
例如： The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?” → The teacher asked mehow I had repaired it.
要素三：祈使句的间接引语——采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构。
told
即 asked sb. (not) to do sth.
ordered
warned
注意：引语中的呼语可改成宾语。引语中的please 去掉，动词改为 ask
1) The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.” →The teacher told the students not to waste their time.
2) The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”→The mother asked Tom to get up early.
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| 3. 直接引语与间接引语变化中需要注意的“五不变” |
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1． 直接引语如果是客观真理，谚（习）语，变间接引语时时态不变。例如：
The teacher said, “The earthgoes round the sun.”→ The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
My father said, “Practicemakes perfect.”→My father said practicemakes perfect.
2. 直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的，习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在的，变间接引语时时态不变。例如：
The boy said to us, “ I usuallyget up at six every day.”→The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.
He said, “Weare still students.’→He said theyare still students.
3． 直接引语如果有明确的表示过去的时间状语时态不变。例如：
He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”→He told me that he was born in 1978.
The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”→ The engineer said he was at college in 1967.
4．直接引语中凡有When， since，while 引导的从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句时态，从句的时态不变。例如：
He said, “I have studied English since Iwas a boy.” →He said he had studied English since hewas a boy.
She said, “Iread the book while Iwas waiting for a bus.→ She said shehad read the book while shewas waiting for a bus.
Mr. Green said to them, “Joetold me all about his story when he asked for a job.”→Mr. Green told them Joehad told him all about his story when he asked for a job.
5．如果直接引语中引述部分含有insist, suggest, demand等引导的虚拟宾语从句，变间接引语时，引语中的主从句时态都不变。例如：
He said, “Weinsisted that she start immediately.→ He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.
She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”→She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.
另外如果说话人转述自己的话，人称不变. 例如：
I said to him, “I have finished it.”→I told him I had finished it.
如果就在当地转述, here不必变为there，come不必改为go，如果就在当天转述，则today, yesterday, tomorrow等状语不变。例如：
She said to us, I’ll come here tomorrow.”→She told us she would come here tomorrow.
如果在电话上转述别人的话，则前后时态不变。 例如：
Daniel：Please tell Amy I have the information she wants.→Mrs Zhao（said to Amy）：Daniel says he has the information you want. | | | | | | | |
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