主谓一致

主谓一致

　　在英语句子中谓语动词在人称和数上要跟主语保持一致。主谓一致关系应遵循三项原则：语法形式上一致、语言意义上一致和就近一致原则。

　　一、语法形式上一致原则

　　语法形式上一致是指主语和谓语动词必须在语法形式上保持一致关系，也就是说：主语是单数时，谓语动词用单数形式;主语是复数时，谓语动词应该用复数形式。如：

　　Kate likes watching TV.凯特喜欢看电视。

　　除上述基本的语法形式一致外，还必须掌握如下几种情况：

　　1. 代词each, another, the other, either, someone, somebody, every?鄄one, everybody, anyone, anybody, something, anything, nothing, no one等作主语时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。如：

　　No one knows that fact.没有人知道那个事实真相。

　　Someone is asking for you.有人在找你。

　　2. “each / every+单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：

　　Each student has an English-Chinese dictionary.每位学生都有一本英汉词典。

　　3. “one of +代词/复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式;但是“one of + 代词/复数名词”后跟有定语从句时，从句的谓语动词用复数形式;而“the one / the only one of +代词/复数名词”后跟有定语从句时，从句的谓语动词却要用单数形式。如：

　　John is one of the students who have passed the test.约翰是这些已通过这次考试中的一个。

　　He is the only one of the boys who hasn’t been to Beijing.他是这些男孩中唯一一个没去过北京的。

　　4. 主语后面跟有with, as well as, like, together with, including, but, except, rather than, besides等起连接作用的词带有他们的单、复数名词时，其谓语动词应与主语的人称、数相一致。如：

　　Mary, as well as her parents, is in China now.玛丽以及她的父母在中国。

　　5. 非谓语动词(动名词、不定式)作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：

　　To learn English well is not easy.学好英语并不容易。

　　6. 名词性从句以及“疑问代词/副词+不定式”作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：

　　When and where we will hold the meeting is unknown. 在何时何地召开这次会议尚不清楚。

　　7. “one and a half+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词第三人称单数形式。如：

　　One and a half years has passed.一年半的时间已过去了。

　　8. “more than one +单数名词”，尽管意义上表示“许多”，但其谓语动词也用单数形式。如：

　　More than one person has had the idea.不止一个人想出了这个主意。

　　9. 数词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式;表示“加减乘除”时，谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式。如：

　　Nine is an odd number. 9是奇数。

　　10. and连接两个或两个以上的并列名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

　　Both Li Lei and Li Hua are League members.李雷和李华都是共青团员。

　　11. both, all, few, several, many等修饰可数名词的复数形式作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

　　All his friends have come.他所有的朋友都来了。

　　12. 在倒装句中，谓语动词应根据后面的主语在人称、数上保持一致。如：

　　Here comes a bus.一辆公共汽车来了。

　　二、语言意义上一致原则

　　语言意义上的主谓语一致原则是指从意义上着眼来处理主谓语一致关系。当主语在形式上是单数，意义上是复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式;当主语在形式上是复数而意义上是单数时，谓语动词要用单数形式。意义一致性原则包括如下几点：

　　1. 集体名词作主语时如：family,

　　team, class, public, group等，如果作为一个单位(整体)看待，谓语动词用单数形式;如果作为整体中的各个成员看待时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

　　Our class is on the second floor, and our class work hard. 我们班在二楼，我们全班同学学习都很努力。

　　2. 表示总称意义的名词作主语时如：people, clothes, police等，谓语动词用复数形式。如：

　　The cattle are eating grass on the hillside over there.牛儿正在那边的山坡吃草。

　　3. maths (mathematics), physics, politics, news, works(工厂)等名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：

　　Physics is interesting to learn. 物理学起来很有趣。

　　4. “分数 + of + 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式;但“分数 + of +不可数名词/单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：

　　2/3 of the workers are from Japan.三分之二的工人来自于日本。

　　1/4 of my homework has been finished.我已完成功课的四分之一。

　　5. 由复数名词构成的国名、书刊、作品的名称作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：

　　The United Nations was formed in 1945.联合国成立于1945年。

　　6. 表示“金钱、时间、距离、重量”等名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：

　　Ten days is enough. 十天足够了。

　　7. “the + 形容词(或由分词演变而来的形容词)”作主语，表示“一类人”时，谓语动词用复数形式;若指具体的某个人时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：

　　The wounded are still in hospi?鄄tal. 伤员们仍在住院。

　　8. “the rest / part / half / most /all of + 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式;若“the rest / part / half / most / all of +不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：

　　The rest of these apples have been sent to Mr. Green.其余的苹果已送给格林先生。

　　The rest of the housework is usually done by me.剩下的家务事常由我做。

　　9. all作主语，如果指代人或可数名词含有复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式;如果指代抽象性事物时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：

　　All are here. 大家都在这儿。

　　All is going on well.一切进展顺利。

　　10. “none of +不可数名词”作主语时，其谓语动词用单数形式，“none of + 代词/复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式。如：

　　None of us knows/know how to work out the problem.我们无人知道该怎样解决这个问题。

　　11. trousers, shoes, boots, glass?鄄es(眼镜),socks, gloves等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式;若这些名词被this / a pair of修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：

　　Her trousers are black. 她的裤子是黑色的。

　　This pair of trousers doesn’t fit me.这条裤子我穿不合适。

　　12. “a number of + 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式;“the number of + 复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：

　　There are a large number of workers in the factory, who are from America. 这家工厂有许多工人，他们来自美国。

　　The number of the students in the college is 30,000.这所大学的学生数是三万。

　　13. and连接两个并列名词作主语，指同一个人或同一件物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。and连接若干个被no, each, every, many a 修饰的单数可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：

　　The director and actor has come here.这位导演兼演员已来这儿了。

　　14. Chinese, Japanese, deer,

　　sheep, means等单、复数同形的名词作主语时，它们自身在句中的内容决定其谓语动词的单、复数形式。如：

　　Chinese is one of the eight subjects we must study at school.汉语是我们在校必学的八门学科之一。

　　三、就近原则

　　所谓就近原则，是指谓语动词应与它最靠近的那个主语的单、复数形式相一致。

　　由“or, either ... or, neither ... nor, not ... but ..., not only ... but also”连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词应与最靠近它的那个主语的单、复数形式相一致。如：

　　Either you or I am going there.要么你，要么我将去那儿。

　　【巩固与提高】

　　1. About 60 percent of the students

　　_____ from the south, the rest of

　　them _____ from the north and

　　foreign countries.

　　A. are; is B. are; are

　　C. is; are D. is; is

　　2. Jane is one of the best students in

　　her class who ______ by their

　　teacher.

　　A. are praised B. is praised

　　C. praised D. praise

　　3. Now Tom with his classmates

　　_____ football on the playground.

　　A. play B. are playing

　　C. plays D. is playing

　　4. The number of pages in this dic-

　　tionary _____ about two thousand.

　　A. are B. has C. have D. is

　　5. Thirty dollars _____ too expen-

　　sive.

　　A. are B. is C. were D. be

　　6. The audience _____ so large that

　　no seat was left unoccupied in

　　the great hall.

　　A. is B. are

　　C. was D. has

　　7. The secretary and principal _____

　　at the meeting now.

　　A. are speaking

　　B. is speaking

　　C. were making a speech

　　D. have a speech

　　8. Apples of this kind ______.

　　A. tastes good B. tastes well

　　C. taste good D. taste well

　　9. Nothing but one desk and six

　　chairs _____ in the room.

　　A. are B. is stayed

　　C. is D. are left

　　10. The population of our country

　　______ by 50 percent over the

　　last twenty years.

　　A. has increased B. were risen

　　C. have been increased

　　D. have rose

　　11. Between the two roads _____ a TV

　　tower called “Skyscraper Tower”.

　　A. stands B. standing

　　C. which stands D. stand

　　12. Either of you _____ going there

　　tonight.

　　A. will B. was

　　C. is D. are

　　13. Everyone here, including children

　　and old people ________ in for

　　sports.

　　A. go B. going

　　C. to go D. goes

　　14. All but Dick _____ in Class Three

　　this term.

　　A. are B. is

　　C. were D. was

　　15. “All ______ present and all _____

　　going on well”, our monitor said.

　　A. is; is B. are; are

　　C. are; is D. is; are

　　16. Where to get the materials and

　　how to get them _____ at the

　　meeting.

　　A. have not discussed

　　B. have not been discussed

　　C. has not discussed

　　D. has not been discussed

　　17. I took mathematics and physics

　　because I think that _____ very

　　important for me to make further

　　research in this field.

　　A. what is B. they are

　　C. this D. which are

　　18. Every student and every teacher

　　_____.

　　A. are going to attend the meeting

　　B. have attended the meeting

　　C. has attended the meeting

　　D. is attended the meeting

　　19. Three fourths of the bread _____

　　by Bob, and the rest of the bread

　　_____ left on the table.

　　A. was eaten; were

　　B. were eaten; was

　　C. were eaten; were

　　D. was eaten; was

　　20. This pair of shoes _____.

　　A. is her B. is hers

　　C. are hers D. are her

　　Key: 1-5 BADDB 6-10 CBCCA

　　11-15 ACDAC 16-20 DBCD

　　主谓一致一直是近几年高考考查的热点，而且往往与动词的时态结合在一起考查。为了帮助同学们更好地复习备考，现以近几年高考真题为例，对高考经常涉及到的考点作一分析。

　　一.“名词+with/together with/along with/as well as/like/no less than/but/except/besides/including/as much as/rather than/in addition to等+其他名词”作主语时，谓语动词的数与前面的第一个名词保持一致。

　　[考例1]The father as well as his three children ______ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.[2006辽宁，27]

　　A. is going B. go

　　C. goes D. are going

　　[考例2]Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ______ on the project day and night to meet the deadline.[2005上海,31]

　　A. work B. working

　　C. is working D. are working

　　[考例3]The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ______ visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.[2004北京,28]

　　A. was B. were

　　C. had been D. would be

　　[考例4]No one in the department but Tom and I _______ that the director is going to resign.

　　[2004上海春招]

　　A. knows B. know

　　C. have known D. am to know

　　二.对于由and连接的两个单数名词、代词、词组，谓语动词一般用复数，但如果它们在意义上是指同一个人，同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语仍用单数。

　　[考例]A poet and artist _____ coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.[2006江苏,34]

　　A. is B. are

　　C. was D. were

　　三.“two-thirds of/30% of/piles of/scores of/all of/most of/a lot of/some of/half of/plenty of/ the rest of/part of,...+名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由该名词的数决定。

　　[考例1]The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third ________ used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long.

　　[2006浙江,7]

　　A. is B. are

　　C. was D. were

　　[考例2]Most of what has been said about the Smiths ______ also true of the Johnsons.[2006安徽,30]

　　A. are B. is

　　C. being D. to be

　　四.“many/few/quite a few/a good many/a large number of/millions of,...+可数名词复数”作主语，谓语动词要用复数;“the number of/each of/neither of/either of/one and a half, ...+可数名词复数”作主语，谓语动词用单数。

　　[考例1] Nowadays， a large number of women， especially those from the countryside，_______ in the clothing industry.[2005辽宁，21]

　　A. is working B. works

　　C. work D. worked

　　[考例2]As you can see, the number of cars on roads ______ rising these days.

　　A. was keeping B. keep

　　C. keeps

　　D. were keeping

　　五. “a lot of, lots of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of,...+ 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要与该名词的数保持一致。“a great deal of, a large amount of+不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词通常用单数;“large amounts of+不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词通常用复数。

　　[考例1] As a result of destroying the forests, a large _____ of desert ______ covered the land.[2001上海,23]

　　A. number; has

　　B. quantity; has

　　C. number; have

　　D. quantity; have

　　[考例2]With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _____ each year.[2005山东,25]

　　A. is washing away

　　B. is being washed away

　　C. are washing away

　　D. are being washed away

　　注：“quantities of+可数名词的复数或不可数名词”作主语时，谓语用复数。

　　六.表示成套(对)的trousers，shorts， socks， glasses， shoes， com-passes， scissors, gloves, chop-sticks等名词作主语时,谓语动词常用复数;表示总称意义的youth， folk, crew等名词作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数，反之用复数。

　　[考例] _____ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research.

　　[2005江苏,35]

　　A. So curious the couple was

　　B. So curious were the couple

　　C. How curious the couple were

　　D. The couple was such curious

　　七.“one of +复数名词”后的定语从句中，谓语动词用复数;而在“the only one of +复数名词”后的定语从句中，谓语动词用单数。

　　[考例]He is the only one of the students who _______ a winner of scholarship for these years.

　　[2002上海春招]

　　A. is B. are

　　C. have been D. had been

　　八.可数名词的单数、不可数名词及单个的动词不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数;复数可数名词及用and连接的两个单数名词、词组时，谓语动词要用复数。

　　[考例]She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ______ 50 million.[2004福建,24]

　　A. have reached B. has reached

　　C. are reaching D. had reaching