高中英语语法第一轮复习

高中英语语法第一轮复习-不定式

一、概说

动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，它通常由不定式符号to + 动词原形构成，但有时to也可省略(省略to的不定式叫不带to的不定式，与动词原形同形)。动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词的功能，在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等，但不能用作谓语(故称不定式为非谓语动词)。不定式可以有不同的时态(如进行式、完成式等)和语态(主动语态和被动语态)。

二、不定式的否定式

1.不定式的否定式的构成

通常是将否定词not或never置于不定式之前，即构成not to do 或never to do 的形式，注意not和never一定要放在不定式符号to的前面，而不是其后面。如：

The doctor advised me not to smoke. 医生劝我不要抽烟。

Father warned me never to drive after drinking. 父亲警告我不要酒后开车。

注：若不定式为完成式和被动式，否定词应置于整个结构之前：

She pretended not to have seen him. 她假装没看见他。

It is nice not to be dependent on others. 不依靠别人是好的。

2. so as to do sth 和in order to do sth 的否定式

对于这两个结构的否定式，通常是将否定词置于不定式符号to之前，而不是置于整个结构之前或其他位置：

Study hard so as not to fail the exam. 努力学习，以免考试不及格。

He came in quietly in order not to wake his wife. 他轻轻进来，以免把他妻子吵醒。

三、不定式的时态与语态

1. 不定式时态与语态的基本形式(以do为例)

	主 动 语 态	被 动 语 态
一般式	to do	to be done
进行式	to be doing	无
完成式	to have done	to have been done
完成进行式	to have been doing	无

 

2. 不定式一般式的用法

有两个主要用法：

(1) 一是表示将来，即表示发生在谓语动作之后的动作：

We decided to leave early. 我们决定早点动身。

He asked me to buy him some paper. 他叫我给他买些纸。

We expect him to come in time. 我们希望他能及时来。

(2) 表示与谓语动作同时发生或略先于谓语动作的动作：

He seems to be tired. 他似乎累了。

Who heard him say that? 是谁听到他这样说的？

I’m sorry to hear that. 听到这事我很难过。(to hear 略先于am sorry)

2. 不定式进行式的用法

主要用法有：

(1) 表示与谓语动作同时发生且正在进行的动作：

He seems to be saying something. 他似乎在说什么。

He is thought to be hiding in the woods. 人们认为他躲在林子里。

(2) 正如可用进行时态表示将来意义一样，不定式的进行式有时也可表示将来：

He was happy to be coming home. 就要回家了他感到高兴。

The old man seems to be dying. 这老人似乎要死了。

3. 不定式完成式的用法 

(1) 表示发生在谓语动作之前的动作：

He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。

I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后悔和她吵架了。

I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦。

(2) 表示在某个给定的时间之前已完成的动作：

I hope to have finished the work by now. 我希望现在以前已完成这项工作。

(3) 表示过去未实实现的想法和愿望：

I should like to have come earlier. 我本想早点来的。

We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。

4. 不定式完成进行式的用法

表示在谓语动作之前一直在进行的动作：

You seem to have been writing very long. 你好像已经写了很久了。

The battle was said to have been going on for two days. 据说战斗已经进行两天了。

5. 不定式被动语态的用法

不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式，往往取决于句子的意思，即意思上为主动就用主动形式，意思上为被动就用被动形式：

Did it need to be done so soon? 这事需要这么快就做吗?

It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否正确，以后见分晓。

I’m pleased to have been given this opportunity. 给了我这次机会我很高兴。

注：有关不定式用主动形式表示被动意义的内容，参见本讲义“被动语态”之内容。

四、不定式的句法功能

1. 作主语

To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他谈话是一件非常愉快的事。

To remember this is very important. 记住这一点很重要。

注：为了避免头重脚轻，在许多情况下，通常都将作主语的不定式置于句子后部，而在句首使用的主语位置使用形式主语it：

It’s very important to remember this. 记住这一点很重要。

It’s a pity to leave so early. 这么早走太遗憾。

2.作表语

He seems to be ill. 他似乎有病。

Her wish is to be a teacher. 她的愿望就是当一名教师。

You are not to smoke in this room. 你不应在这个房间里吸烟。

注：不定式作表语主要有三种情况，一是用于seem, appear, prove, turn out等连系动词之后的不定式(尤其是to be)，二是像My job is to sweep the floor(我的工作就是擦地板)这样的主语与表语“等价”的情形，三是表示想法、约定、义务、命令、可能性、命运等，再如：

We are to meet at the station at three. 我约定3点钟在车站见面。(表约定)

How are we to convince him? 我们怎么能说服他呢? (表可能性)

You are to come when I call. 叫你来的时候，你必须来。(表命令)

3. 作宾语

I can’t afford to buy a car. 我买不起汽车。

Remember to post the letter. 记住把信寄了。

I hope to be staying with you. 我希望和你住在一起。

注：不定式不仅用作动词的宾语，还可用作个别介词(如but, except)的宾语：

I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。

It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外，没产生任何效果。

4. 作宾语补足语

Who taught you to drive? 谁教你开车的?

He warned me not to touch it. 他警告我不要触碰它。

What caused him to change his mind? 什么使他改变主意的?

注：当作宾语的不定式后跟有宾语补足语时，通常要用形式宾语it代替不定式，并将真正的宾语不定式置于宾语补足语之后：

It find it difficult to learn Japanese well. 我感到学会日语不容易。

5. 作定语

I have a question to ask you. 我有一个问题要问你。

It is a pleasant thing to remember. 这是一件值得记住的愉快的事。

He is not a man to tell a lie. 他不是个说谎的人。

注：有的名词(如way, chance, right等)后用作定语的不定式可换成of doing sth：

It’s the best way to do [of doing] it. 这是做此事最好的办法。

但是，以下名词后接不定式作定语时通常不能换成of doing sth：

attempt 试图  courage 勇气    decision 决定    effort 努力    fortune 运气

failure 失败   invitation 邀请  permission 允许   promise 允诺  wish 愿望

6. 作状语

不定式作状语可以表示多种关系(如目的、结果、原因、条件等)：

I went to France to learn French. 我到法国去学法语。(表目的)

He returned home to find his wife waiting for him. 他回到家发现他的妻子在等他。(表结果)

You would make a great mistake to accept his offer. 你要是接受他的建议，你就犯了大错误。(表条件)

We are proud to be members of this team. 作为这个队的队员我们感到很自豪。(表原因)

He opened his mouth as if to say something. 他张开嘴，好像要说什么。(表方式)

五、通常要接不定式作宾语的动词

通常只接不定式(而不是动名词)作宾语的动词有：

afford 负担得起    agree 同意          arrange 安排，设法  ask 要求

care 想要              choose 决定       decide 决定               demand 要求

determine 决心       expect 期待       fail 未能                    help 帮助

hesitate 犹豫          hope 希望          long 渴望                  manage 设法

offer 主动提出       plan 计划           prepare 准备          pretend 假装

promise 答应          refuse 拒绝       want 想要                 wish希望

I can’t afford to buy a car. 我买不起汽车。

She refused to help me. 她不肯帮助我。

He agreed to come over right away. 他同意马上就来。

He managed to avoid an accident. 他设法避免了一次事故。

The boy decided not to become a sailor. 那孩子决定将来不当水手。

He chose not to go abroad until later. 他决定晚点出国。

He pretended not to know the facts. 他佯装不知实情。

六、“动词+宾语+不定式”用法说明

1.可用于该结构的常用动词

通常可带不定式作宾语补足语的动词：advise, allow, ask, bear, beg, cause, command, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, intend, invite, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, remind, teach, tell, trouble, want, warn, wish等。如：

He didn’t allow the students to go there. 他没让学生们去那儿。

He ordered the work to be started at once. 他命令马上开始工作。

He forbade me to use his car. 他不准我用他的小车。

The doctor warned him not to smoke. 医生告诫他不要抽烟。

My parents encouraged me to study abroad. 父母鼓励我出国留学。

I tried to persuade him to leave, but he wouldn’t listen. 我想劝他离开，可他不听。

2. 容易误用于该结构的动词

容易受汉语意思误用不定式作宾语补足语的动词：

汉语可说“害怕某人做某事”，但英语不说 fear sb to do sth。

汉语可说“原谅某人做某事”，但英语不说 excuse [forgive] sb to do sth。

汉语可说“拒绝某人做某事”，但英语不说 refuse sb to do sth。

汉语可说“惩罚某人做某事”，但英语不说 punish sb to do sth。

汉语可说“建议某人做某事”，但英语不说 suggest [propose] sb to do sth。

汉语可说“赞成某人做某事”，但英语不说 approve sb to do sth。

汉语可说“通知某人做某事”，但英语不说 inform sb to do sth。

汉语可说“欢迎某人做某事”，但英语不说 welcome sb to do sth。

汉语可说“坚持某人做某事”，但英语不说 insist [persist] sb to do sth。

汉语可说“希望某人做某事”，但英语不说 hope sb to do sth。

汉语可说“安排某人做某事”，但英语不说 arrange sb to do sth。

汉语可说“要求某人做某事”，但英语不说 demand sb to do sth。

汉语可说“感谢某人做某事”，但英语不说 thank sb to do sth。

汉语可说“祝贺某人做某事”，但英语不说 congratulate sb to do sth。

汉语可说“阻止某人做某事”，但英语不说 prevent sb to do sth。

要表示以上意思，可换用其他表达：

汉语的“原谅某人做某事”，英语可说成 excuse [forgive] sb for doing sth。

汉语的“希望某人做某事”，英语可说成wish sb to do sth。

汉语的“建议某人做某事”，英语可说成 advise sb to do sth。

汉语的“安排某人做某事”，英语可说成 arrange for sb to do sth。

汉语的“要求某人做某事”，英语可说成 demand of sb to do sth。

汉语的“感谢某人做某事”，英语可说成thank sb for doing sth。

汉语的“祝贺某人做某事”，英语可说成congratulate sb on doing sth。

汉语的“阻止某人做某事”，英语可说成 prevent sb from doing sth。 

3. 关于promise sb to do sth

该结构中的不定式的逻辑主语不其前的宾语sb，而是句子主语，所以严格说来，此句中的不定式不是宾语补足语，如He promised me to go. 的意思是“他答应我他去”，而不是“他答应让我去”。

七、省略to的若干情况

1. 使役动词后省to的情况

在let, make, have等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to：

My mother wouldn’t let me go to the film. 我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。

I don’t like milk, but she made me drink it. 我不喜欢牛奶,可是她强迫我喝。

I would have him wait for me at the gate of the park. 我要他在公园门口等我。

注：(1) 当使役动词用于被动语态时，要补上在主动语态中省略的to(主要是指make，let和have很少用于被动语态)。

(2) force, oblige等虽然也表示“使”，但它们后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须带to：

He forced me to go with them. 他迫使我同他们一起去。

2. 感觉动词后省to的情况

在感觉动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to：

I saw the woman enter a bank. 我看见这个女人进了一家银行。

We often hear her sing this song. 我们经常听到她唱这乎歌。

Did you notice her leave the house? 她离开屋子你注意到了吗? z

I watched her get into the car. 我看着她上了车。

注：(1) 这里所说的感觉动词主要包括see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch。但是它们用于被动语态时，则其后的不定式必须带to：

The woman was seen to enter a bank. 有人看见这个女人进了一家银行。

但是，用于以上句型的动词notice 和watch通常不用于被动语态。

(2) 类似地，动词look at和listen to后用作宾语补足语的不定式也不带to：

We listened to the old man tell his story. 我们听这位老人讲述他的经历。

(3) 若动词feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为 to be，则要带 to(其他情况不带 to)：

They felt the plan to be unwise. 他们认为这个计划不明智。

(4) 若不定式为完成式，通常应带 to。如：

I noticed her to have come early. 我注意到她来得很早。

2. 动词help后省to的情况

在动词help后用作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可以不带to：

Can I help (to) carry this heavy box? 我可以帮忙扛这个重箱子吗？

Mother helped me (to) do my homework. 妈帮助我做作业。

注：(1) 当 help 之后接一个较长的名词词组作宾语或当其中的不定式所表示的动作主语不直接参加时，不定式通常带to：

Help the little boys at the back of  the hall to carry the chairs out. 请帮大厅后面那些小男孩把椅子搬出去。

These tablets will help you to sleep. 这些药片将对你的睡眠有帮助。

(2) 在当help用于被动语态时，不定式前的to不能省略：

The boy was helped by a woman to collect his scattered coins. 那男孩由一个妇女帮他捡拾散乱一地的钱币。

4. why (not)…后省to的情况

在why (not)…?之后的不定式不能带to：

Why go with him? 为什么要同他一起去？

Why not ask the teacher? 为什么不去问问老师？

5. 动词know后省to的情况

在“know+宾语+不定式”中，不定式有时省to，有时不省，可分以下两种情况讨论：

(1) 若 know 为现在式，该结构中的不定式只限于 to be，且其中的to不能省略：

I know him to be ill. 我知道他病了。

(2) 若know为完成式或过去式，则该结构中的不定式可以用除 to be外的其他动词，且此时其中的to可以省留：

I never knew him (to) do such a thing. 我从未听说他会干那种事。

We’ve never known him (to) tell a lie. 我们从未听说他撒过谎。

但在被动语态中不定式前的to不能省略。这样用的know不仅仅表示一般意义的“知道”，而是表示一种经历，因此常译为“曾…过”(用于肯定句时)或“(从来)没有…过”(用于否定句时)。

6. 介词except和but后省to的情况

用作介词except, but宾语的不定式有时带to，有时不带to。其大致原则是：若其前出现了动词 do，其后的不定式通常不带 to；若其前没有出现动词 do，则其后的不定式通常带 to：

I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。

He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。

It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外，没产生任何效果。

She can do everything except cook. 除了做饭之外她什么都会。

7. 主语带do表语省to的情况

当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时，用作表语的不定式可以省略to：

All you do now is (to) complete the form. 你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。

The only thing to do now is (to) go on. 前进是现在惟一的出路。

What I’ll do is (to) tell her the truth. 我要做的就是告诉他真相。

8. 并列不定式省to的情况

当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列时，通常只需在第一个不定式前用to，其余不定式前的to可以省略：

He told me to stay there and wait him. 他叫我在那儿等他。

I’m really puzzled what to think or say. 我真不知该怎么想怎么说。

It is easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 说服人容易，强迫人难。

但是，如果两者有对比关系，则后面不定式前的to不可省略：

To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败总比不尝试好。

9. 省略不定式是否保留to

在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符号to：

I shall go if I want to. 如果我想去就去。

"Don’t be late." "I’ll try not to." “不要来晚了。”“我尽量不来晚。”

Don’t go till I tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。

注：(1) 若被省略的不定式为to be短语，则通常应保留be：

He is not the man he used to be. 他已不是原来的那个样子了。

(2) 有时省略不定式时，同时也可省略to：

She may go if she likes (to). 他想去就可以去。

八、“wh-词+不定式”结构

1. 该结构的句法功能

“wh-词+不定式”主要用作宾语：：

We must think what to do. 我们必须考虑怎么办。

I can’t decide whom to invite. 我不能决定该邀请谁。

He had no idea of how to do it. 他不知道如何做此事。

除用作宾语外，还可用作主语、表语等：

When to leave has not been decided. 何时离开还没有决定。

The question is how to find him. 问题是如何找到他。

2. 该结构与why

原则上说，why后不接不定式，不过若不定式不带to，则可用why：

Why not go there at once?  为什么不马上去那儿呢?

Why argue with her? 为什么要跟她争论呢?

注：这类结构通常只用于谈论现在和将来，不用于谈论过去：

误：Why not clean the room yesterday?

正：Why didn’t you clean the room yesterday? 你昨天为什么不打扫房间?

3. 该结构与how

有些动词后接“how+不定式”作宾语时，how可省略：

Did you learn (how) to drive a car? 你学过开车吗？

但是，有些动词后面接“疑问词how+不定式”作宾语时，尽管其中的how在汉语中无需译出，但却不能将how省略：

He knows how to play the piano. 他会弹钢琴。

He showed her how to swim. 他教她游泳。

Soon you’ll find out how to drive a car. 不久你就会学会开车的。

We never discovered how to open the box. 我们一直未发现如何打开这个盒子。

Can you explain how to make a cake? 你可以给我解释一下怎么做蛋糕吗？

九、重点考点原创精练

1. _____ the seeds and they will grow.

A. Water                   B. To water               C. Watering              D. Watered

2. The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but ______ work for young people.

A. provide                B. to provide             C. providing              D. provided

3. He arrived at the office early, ______ a good example to the others.

A. set                       B. to set                    C. to be set                D. having set

4. Please make my excuse at tomorrow’s meeting — I’ve got too much work ____.

A. to do to come        B. doing coming        C. to do coming         D. to do coming

5. We looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _____.

A. to find                  B. to have found        C. to be found           D. being found

6. After describing the planned improvements, she went on ______ how much they would cost.

A. to explain             B. explaining             C. to be explaining     D. having explained

7. To test eggs, _____ them in a bowl of water: if they float they’re bad, if they sink they’re good.

A. put                       B. putting                 C. to put                   D. to be putting

8. Please remember ______ the plants while I’m away.

A. watering               B. to be watering       C. to water                D. being watering

9. ______ wine, first you must press the grapes.

A. Making                B. To make               C. To be making        D. Make

10. I’ve never been so poor _______ able to afford a meal.

A. as to be not           B. not as to be           C. as not to be           D. as to not be

11. I don’t know whether to stay in teaching or ______ another job.

A. trying getting        B. to try to get           C. trying to get          D. try get

12. I’ll have to change my clothes before I go out — I don’t want ______ like this.

A. to see                   B. to be seeing           C. to be seen             D. being seen

13. In fact, she was the first woman ______to such a post.

A. to elect                 B. to be electing        C. to have elected      D. to have been elected

14. I’d like ______ over the Alps and looking down at the mountains.

A. flying                   B. being flying          C. to be flying           D. be flying

15. I’m learning _____ a cake. Can you explain _____ one?

A. to make, to make   B. how to make, to make

C. to learn, how to make                            D. making, making

16. Whom would you rather _____ with you, Jim or Jack?

A. have go                B. have to go             C. have gone             D. has to go

17. The husband advised ______ to the south, but his wife advised him _____ up the idea.

A. moving, giving     B. to move, to give    C. moving, to give     D. to move, giving

18. “Would you like to come for a walk with me?” “I’d prefer _____, thank you.”

A. not to                   B. to not                   C. not                       D. can’t

19. I would mend your radio, but I don’t know _____.

A. how                     B. to                         C. how to                  D. to how

20. “I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.” “What do you suppose _____ to him?”

A. was happening      B. to happen              C. has happened         D. had happened

21. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _____.

A. to send                 B. for sending it        C. to send it to           D. for sending it to

22. “Do you know the girl in red?” “She seems _____ me at last month’s party. But I’m not sure.

A. to introduce to      B. to be introduced to

C. being introduced to                               D. to have been introduced to

23. We all agreed ______ for another day, but Jim disagreed ______.

A. to wait, to do so    B. to wait, 不填

C. waiting, doing so   D. waiting, 不填

24. He made up his mind to devote his life _____ pollution _____ happily.

A. to prevent, to live  B. to prevent, from living

C. to preventing, to live                             D. to preventing, from living

25. I wish I’d been there — I would like _____ her face when his husband came in.

A. to see                   B. to have seen          C. seeing                   D. having seen

 

参考答案：01—05 ABBAC  06—10 AACBC  11—15 BCDCC  16—20 ACACC  21—25 CDBCB