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It is hoped that… 人们希望…… It said that … 据说…… It is believed that… 人们相信 It is reported that… 据报道…… It is hoped that our team will win the game.人们希望我们的队赢得比赛。 It is said that the strange old man is a great artist.据说那个怪老头是一位艺术大师。 It is believed that before writing was developed, people in China used to keep records by putting a number of stones together.人们认为，在出现书写以前，中国人常把石块放在一起来记事。 It is reported in the papers that the president of the U.S.A will arrive next Monday.据报纸报道美国总统下星期一抵达。
It is/was + adj. + for/of sb.+ to do sth.某人做某事是……. 该句的It 为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式（短语），for/of sb.是不定式的逻辑主语。能用于该句型的形容词常有：（1）important/ unimportant/ necessary/ possible/ impossible/ hard/ difficult/ easy/ useful/ usual/ unusual等。这些形容词的后面常用for来表示不定式的逻辑主语。 ①It’s important(for you)to learn English well.(你们)学好英语很重要。 ②It’s not easy for them to finish the work within three hours.对他们来说3小时内完成这项工作很难。 （2）right/ wrong/ clever/ foolish/ stupid/ nice/ kind/ rude/ polite/ impolite等。这些形容词的后面常用of 介词短语表示不定式的逻辑主语。 ①It’s kind of you to help us.你们帮助我们真是太好了。 ②It’s impolite of a person to interrupt people while they are talking.打断别人谈话的人是不礼貌的。 It takes sb. some time to do sth .做某事花某人时间。其中的It 是形式主语。代替后面的不定式（短语）。 ①It will take us a whole week to travel through the forest. 穿过这片森林得用我们一整周时间。 ②It took them 3 days to finish the work.干完这项工作用了他们3天时间。 It’s time for sth . 该是做……的时候 如： It’s time for lunch .该吃午饭了。 It’s time (for sb) to do sth . 如： It’s time (for us )to go to school.(我们)该上学了。 也可用如下说法： The time has come for lunch. The time has come for us to go to school. 注意：在It’s time ……句式中time 前可加 high, about 等修饰词，用法不变。其后跟that 从句时要用虚拟语气。如： It’s (high)time we got up. It’s about time (that) he knew the truth. 大约是他知道真相的时候了。（that可省略） 接不定式和动名词意义不同的词 1）remember doing/having done记得曾做过某事remember to do记住去做某事 对比： Do you remember meeting me at a party last year? Please remember to write to your parents when you get there. 2)regret doing/having done 后悔做了（或没做）某事/regret to do遗憾地去做某事 对比： I regret telling her the truth. I regret to say that you are completely wrong. 3）try to do 尽力去做/try doing 试着去做 对比：She tried to learn it by heart. She tried adding more salt to the soup. 4)forget doing 忘记曾经做过/forget to do忘记去做 对比：I forget reading about it in a magazine. Don’t forget to shut off the gas when you finish cooking. 5)stop doing 停止做/stop to do 停止某一动作去作另一动作（说明停止的目的） 对比：They didn’t start until it stopped raining . We stopped to see what was going on. 6)mean doing 意味着/mean to do 打算，意图做 对比：Missing the train means waiting for an hour. I meant to come, but a friend of mine went to see me . 7)want doing 需要（物作主语，动名词主动表示被动）/want to do 想做（人作主语） 对比：The wall wants painting. I want to paint the wall myself. join,join in, take part in ,attend 1)join 表示“加入党派，组织、社团、俱乐部”等。 如：join the Party/Youth League/army/club/organization入党/入团/参军/加入俱乐部/加入组织。Would yo join us(in) singing?和我们一起唱歌吧！ His brother joined the army a year ago. 他哥哥一年前参军了。 Join还可表示“来（去）和某人呆在一起，把……连在一起” I will join you in a few minutes.我一会就过来。 Please join the two ends of the rope together.把绳子两头接起来。 2)join in 表示“参加正在进行的活动”。如 ：join in a game /discussion/conversation/walk/talk参加游戏/讨论/谈话/一起散步/一起讨论。亦可说：join sb. in (doing)sth.表示“加入某人一起做某事”。 3)take part in 表示“参加会议、活动”，侧重说明主语参加并发挥一定作用，part 前若有修饰语，要用不定冠词。如:take (an active)part in a party/school activities/physical labour(积极)参加聚会/学校活动/体力劳动。 4)attend 表示“出席、参加会议、仪式、婚礼、葬礼、典礼、上课、上学、听报告”。如：attend a meeting/a sports meeting/a concer/a show/school/a lecture参加会议/运动会/出席音乐会/出席展览会/上学/听演讲。 [应用]完成句子 ①我哥哥参军2年了。 It’s two years since my brother_______the army. ②我的朋友和我一起祝你生日快乐。 All my friends_______ ________ ________ wishing you a happy birthday. ③今晚有一个聚会，你参加吗？ There will be a party this evening. Are you going to_______ ______ _______ it? ④迈克没有参加莉莉的婚礼。 Mike didn’t ______ Lily’s wedding. Key:①joined ②join，me,in③take,part,in ④attend keep doing sth.连续、持续地做某事。 ①They kept sitting there for several hours.他们在那里连续坐了好几个小时。 ②He kept asking silly questions.他不住地问些愚蠢的问题。 keep ;store; save 三个词都有“存”的含义。 store是及物动词，“储藏、储存”的意思，一般强调在一个空间范围内的保管和收藏。如： We had to store all this while we were away. 我们不在家时，得把所有的一切都收藏起来。如： After harvest we store the grain.收割后我们把粮食存起来。 save既可以是及物动词也可以是不及物动词，可指货币的储蓄。如： He was out of work, he had saved no money before.他失业了，以前也没有攒下钱。 They are saving for a house.他们正在存钱买房。 keep也有“保存”的意思，与store比较，它并不强调特定的地点和场所，是由“保留”的意思引申而来的。如： I have kept the old letters all the time.我一直把这些旧信保存了下来。 Will you keep the papers for me?你能为我保存这些论文吗？ keep off 短语动词。意为“远离”、“制止”、“使避开”、“不让接近”。如： A board stands by the house on which were written “keep off”. At night they made a fire to keep wild animals off. keep one’s word 该动宾词组意为“守信”，“遵守诺言”。词组里word不能用复数形式words.同义词组为“keep a promise”,反义词组为“break one’s word”。如： Once you promise someone to do something,you should keep your word. keep sb.healthy使……保持健康 keep,n.“使维持（某种状态）”后可接adj.(ving,p.p,adv.)等作宾补。 ①I was so tired that I could hardly keep myself awake. ②I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long. ③Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open. ④They kept us out. ⑤Once a cold kept him in bed for three days. keep up 该短语动词有以下现象，分述如下： ①keep sth.up使不低落，遵守 如：Even if we fail we should keep up our spirits. ②keep sb.up使晚睡 如：It’s wrong to keep the children up so late. ③keep up with sb.赶上，不落后，保持联系 如：I still keep up with my college classmates far away. 我仍与远方的大学同学保持着联系。 Knee go down on one’s knees 双膝跪地 go down on one knee单膝跪地 如：①The son went down on his knees, begging his father for mercy. ②Some football players celebrate their“goal”by going down on one knee. knock into 该短语意为“把……敲人” ，也可意译为“撞着某人/某物”如： ①The wall is so hard I can’t knock nails into it. ②He was reading while he eas walking and knocked into a tree. lack lack可用作及物或不及物动词，还可用作不可数名词，有“缺乏，缺少”之意。如： lack money/courage缺钱/ 缺少勇气；lack(in) experience/ courage缺少经验/勇气；have no lack of...不缺乏；for lack of…因为缺乏。对比： He is lacking in courage./He lacks courage.他缺少勇气。 The plants died for lack of water. 因为缺水植物枯死了。 [应用]完成句子 ①她经验不足，无法获得这项工作。 She________ ______ ______to get the job. ②他们不缺钱，而缺技术工作。 They______ ______ _______ of money but_______skilled workers. Key: ①lacked,the,experience ②have,no,lack,lack lately; recently 两者均可表示“近来、最近”，但用法不同。 recently 是书面语，常被quite,just,but, very,only等词所修饰，以加强语气。主要用于肯定句中。如: He’s only recently begun billogy. 他只是最近才开始学生物。 I didn’t know it until quite recently.我一直到最近才知道。 Lately常用于口语，指与现在有联系的一段时间，常见于否定句或疑问句中。如： I haven’t seen him lately.我近来没有看到他。 lay the table, lay breakfast 两个动词短语均可作“摆好桌子”解，但各自的确切含意不同：lay the table单纯指“摆桌子（准备吃饭）”，可用于早、中、晚三餐的任何一餐的场合，如： I only laid the table.我只是摆好了餐桌（准备吃饭）。而“lay breakfast”则很明确地表示“摆桌子（吃早餐）”。如： I have laid lunch.我已经摆好午餐的桌子了。 He has laid supper.他已把晚餐的桌子摆好了。 leave sth. to sb.（在死后）将……留给某人；请某人负责某事 His aunt left all her property to him after her death. 他姑姑死后将所有财产都留给他了。 I’ll leave it to you to buy the tickets.我委托你负责买票。 lend to 引导；引起，造成，导致。 ①Labour leads to happiness.劳动使人幸福。 ②Where does this road lead to?这条路通向哪里？ ① His carelessness led to his failre.他的粗心导致失败。 ② Too much work or too little rest often leads to illness.过度工作或很少休息经常导致疾病。 ③ Difference of opinion led to a heated argument.意见分歧导致了激烈的争论。 lecture, speech, talk, repot lecture多指学术方面的“演讲，报告”；而speech指在公众面前做的经过准备的较正式的“演说，发言”；talk是一般性的“讲话，谈话”，report指正式的“报告，报道，汇报”。 [应用]英译汉 ①give a lecture ②attend a lecture ③make a speech ④give a talk ⑤receive a report ⑥make a report ⑦send in a report ⑧a school report key:①作演讲 ②出席演讲会 ③发表演说 ④发表讲话 ⑤收到报告⑥作报告 ⑦呈交报告 ⑧成绩报告单 lie—lied—lied—lying lie—lay—lain—lying lay—laid—laid—laying 分析：(1)lie—lied—lied—lying意思是“说谎”。 例：I have never lied in my life. Obviously he was lying. (2)lie—lay—lain—lying意思是：“躺、平放、卧”“位于”。 例：The children lay on the grass, looking at the beautiful sky. The look is lying on the desk. (3)lay—laid—laid—laying 意思是“放置”“产（卵）”“下（蛋）”，lay是原形动词。 例：She laid the baby gently down on the bed. The hen laid an egg yesterday. 注意：①lying既是“说谎”的现在分词，又是“躺、位于”的现在分词。 ②lay既是“放置、产卵”“下蛋”的原形动词，又是“躺、位于”的过去式。 lie in 短语动词lie in 意为“在于”。如： The way out lies in the development of education. like 用法小结 （1）like 用做动词（及物）通常表示一般的“喜欢”，为口语用词，词意没有love感情强烈，反义词为hate。 ①like + n.(pron.) Does Li Ming like bananas？李明喜欢吃香蕉吗？ Do you like it?你喜欢它吗？ ②like + v.-ing(动名词) Do you like working in China?你喜欢在中国工作吗？ ③like + to + v.(不定式) I like to keep busy.我喜欢生活得紧张。 ④would like(=would love)后接名词、代词或不定式，多用于有礼貌地提出要求，意为“想要、愿意”。 Would you like something to drink?你想喝点什么吗？ I’d like two sweaters for my daughter.我要给我女儿买两件运动衫。 Would you like to come?你愿意来吗？ ⑤How do you like...?(=What do you think of...?)此句型用于询问对方对某人（物）的看法，意为“你觉得 ……怎么样？” How do you like China?你觉得中国怎么样？ (2)like 用做介词，意为“像……一样”，反义词为unlike。 ①like 后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。 Don’t throw it like that .别那样扔它。 They’re round,like the moon.它们是圆的，像月亮一样。 Walking on the moon is just like flying .在月球上行走就像飞一样。 ②look like意为“看起来像……一样”。 It looks like a chicken.它看起来像一只鸡。 ③feel like+v-ing意为“想……”。 I had a little,but I don’t feel like eating.我吃了一点，可我不想吃。 ④What’s the weather like...?(=How’s the weather like...?)此句型用来询问天气情况，意为“……天气怎么样？”。 What’s the weather like in Australia now?现在澳大利亚天气情况怎么样？ It’s (just)like sb. to do sth. 该句意思是“某人（恰恰）就是……这个样子”，表示赞扬或不满；若用否定式，则表示怀疑。如： It is just like her to think of others before thinking of herself. like crazy 这是一个固定词组，口语用语，意为“疯狂地”，“拼命地”。如： In order to finish his work on time, he worked like crazy. crazy是个形容词，意为“狂热的”，“醉心的”，与about连用。如： Most youths are crazy about famous stars. live by it赖……为生；以……为生（Δ不可用于被动语态） Live by(one’s)pen 以笔耕为生 live out 活着，熬过 live through(it)活过，度过……而不死 （Δ不可用于被动语态） The patient will not live through the night. l ive…life过着……生活 live a hard life过着艰苦的生活 live a happy life 过着愉快的生活 live a quiet life过着安静的生活 live a miserable life过着悲惨的生活 Einstein lived the rest of his life quietly in the USA.爱因斯坦在美国安静地度过了他的余生。 The working people are living a happy life now.劳动人民过着幸福的生活。 由look构成的短语： look back upon/on回顾，回想过去 I like to look back upon my high-school days. 我喜欢回忆我高中时的岁月。 Perhaps some day it will be pleasant to look back upon these days. 或许将来有一天回忆起这些日子很令人愉快。 look as if /as though看起来好像 look around环视四周 look after照顾；照看 look out当心 look behind回头看 look through浏览 look down向下看 look up 向上看；查寻 look into调查；研究 look at,stare at,glance at look at指把眼睛转向目标，译成“看，看着”；stare at 表示由于吃惊、害怕或深思而张大眼睛看，译成“盯着，注视，凝视”，glance at指“匆匆一看，一瞥”。对比： She stared at the footprint,full of fear. 她两眼盯着脚印，满心恐惧。 I’d like to look at your photo. 我想看看你的照片。 The middle-aged woman glanced at her watch and hurried off. 那位中年妇女匆匆看了一下表就离开了。 注意搭配：stare straight at 直直地盯着；stare into space凝视着空中；stare sb.in the face 盯着某人的脸看；stare sb.up and down.上下打量某人；glance over(through)a letter匆匆阅读一封信；glance round a room匆匆环视房间；at a glance 一看就……；give/take a glance at 对……匆匆一看。 [应用]完成句子 ①她凝视远方，在思考着 She was ________ ________the distance,thinking. ②她羞涩地从她的扇子后面看了他一眼。 She ______shyly______him form behind her fan. Key:①staring,into ②glanced,at look forward to sth.(doing sth.)渴望、企盼…… ①They are looking forward to getting news of him. 他们渴望听到有关他的消息。 ②We should look forward,and don’t give up. 我们应该向前看（乐观一些）不能放弃。 lose one’s sight(way; life; work;reason)分别表示：失明；迷路；牺牲；失业；失去理智等。如： His son lost his life in the fighting.他儿子在战斗中牺牲了。 Love be in love with sb. 该短语意为“爱上某人”，其中的be可用fall替换，即fall in love with sb.也意为“爱上某人”。如： Henry was/fell in love with Mary. make love to sb .向某人示爱 make a promise 该动词短语意为“允诺”，其中的promise为名词，与它搭配的词组还有keep one’s promise(守信)等。如： He’s always making promises and then breaking them. Promise 也可是动词（vt.& vi.）意为“允诺”，“答应”。 所用动词句型为： promise to do sth(不定式作宾语) promise sb. to do sth.（后接双宾语） promise (sb)that – clause (that-clause为宾语从句) 如：①He promises me to buy a bike for my birthday gift. ②He promises me that he will buy a bike for my birthday gift. make……do sth.使……做某事。做补语的不定式不带to,但在被动语态中则带to,即:be made to do sth. The landlord made him work 12 hours a day.地主让他一天干12个小时的活。 被动式：He was made to work 12 hours a day(by the landlord). 与make意义相近的词还有let/have/get,但get的使用结构为:get…to do sth. How can we get the trees to grow quicker?我们怎么能让树长快点呢？ make fun of取笑；嘲笑。 ①It’s wrong to make fun of the blind.取笑盲人是不对的。 ②It’s bad manners to make fun of a person who is in trouble.拿困境中的人开玩笑是不礼貌的。 make sure 弄肯定，设法做到，确保，安排妥，务必,后接宾语从句。如： He made sure that he had enough food for the journey.他设法为旅行备足了食物。Make sure(that)you pick the child up at five. Please make sure the house is locked.务必确保房门已锁上。 make sure 后还可接of或about ,指“弄清，搞明”如： Have you made sure of the time of the train?你搞清楚火车的时间了吗？ We’ve made sure of our seats for the movie. 比较：be sure of sth. /be sure that……确信…… be sure to do sth .一定……，必然…… be sure of doing sth.对做某事有把握 如： I’m sure of his success. = I’m sure that he’ll succeed.我确信他会成功。 He is sure to succeed .他一定会成功的。（说话人的判断） He is sure of succeeding in the exam.他对考试成功是有把握的。 注意：It’s certain that he’ll win.此时不能用It’s sure that …… make…to one’s own measure“依照某人的尺寸做……”如： This coat is made to you own measure,I’m sure it will fit you nicely.这件大衣是你订做的，我想肯定很合身。 to当介词用，“依照、按照”如： She is dancing to the music.她在随音乐节拍跳舞。 make up 编（造）；构成；化妆make up 组成，构成。还有“化妆、打扮；编造（故事等），弥补” 之意The government is made up of ten members. She made up a story to avoid being examined. It’s a lie. He made up the story.这是谎言，都是他编造出来的。 Ten doctors made up a medical team.十名医生组成了一支医疗队。 Although she doesn’t make up, she looks beautiful.尽管不化妆，她依然美丽。 make use of 该短语动词意为“利用”，其中use 前可被good,the best, much,little no修饰。如： You must make good use of any opportunities you have of practi- sing English. 以 use为核心，组成的词组有： in use 在使用中；out of use(目前)不使用 come into use 开始被使用；go out of use 不再使用。 manage vt.经营；设法；对付
She managed the house very well.她把家管理得很好。 We managed to finish the work ahead of time. 我们设法提前完成了任务。 I shan’t be able to manage without help. 没有人帮助，我无法办到。 [辨析] manage to do sth. /try to do sth. manage to do sth.强调已达到目的或出现了结果，含“成功”之意。try to do sth.意为“试图或尽力做某事”，多表示一种企图或决心，而不表示一定成功。如： we’ve managed to make up for the lost time. 我们设法把失去的时间补了回来。 He tried to pass the examination,but failed. 他努力想通过考试，但没成功。 manage to do/try to do manage to do sth. 意为“设法完成或做到某事”，含有成功之意。 He managed to organize a live concert. = He succeeded in organizing a live concert. 他设法组织了一次现场直播的音乐会。 try to do sth.意为“试图做，尽力做某事”，是否成功，并不肯定。 He tried to work it out, but he failed.他努力想把它算出来，但没成功。 marry
She married very early/well.她结婚很早/她嫁得很好。 Jane iis going to marry John.简就要嫁给约翰了。 —Is she married?她结婚了吗？ —Yes, she has been married for five years.是的，她已经结婚五年了。 She was married to a doctor.她和一个医生结了婚。 He married his son to a rich lady.他为独生子娶了个有钱的女子。 masses of… 该词组意为“大量的”，与lots of 相同，后接可数名词或不可数名词。如：They saved masses of money by improving technology. a mass of…意为“一大堆……”，“一大片……”。 “情态动词may/might +完成时”的结构，有以下用法： ①may/might + have + 过去分词表示推测过去某动作“可能”发生了。如： I can’t find my sunglasses, I may/might have left them at the restaurant yesterday. 一般来说，may和might两者意思上没什么区别，只是may比might表示的可能性大些。如： He may have heard of it from Jack. He might have heard of it from Jack. 在下列情况下，may和might 用法有区别： 句子的主要动词是现在时，间接引语中用may/might; 句子的主要动词是过去时，间接引语中只用might.如： He says that she may/might have misunderstood him. He said that she might have misunderstood him. ②might + have + 过去分词，表示对本来可能发生而实际并未发生的动作的感叹或遗憾含有“责备”、“抱怨”之意，而may + 完成时无此含义。如： You might have told us earlier. This medicine might have cured your cough mean to do sth. 该结构意为“有意要干某事”。如： I’m very sorry if I hurt your feelings in fact.I didn’t mean to. mend ; repair repair指将受损、故障、用旧之物修理好，如用于修补机械方面的东西多用repair。如： Ask him to repair my watch/TV set.请他给我修一下手表/电视机。 The garage charged forty dollars to repair the car. 修车行修理这辆车收了四十美元。 repair还可作“弥补、补偿”讲。如： How can I repair the damage I have caused?我怎样才能弥补我造成的损失？ I’d like to repair our differences .我想我们应该重归于好。 mend指将打破、撕碎或用坏之物修补完整，“缝补衣服”多用mend。如： His clothes need mending.他的衣服该补了。 She mended the broken jar with cement. 她用水泥把破碎的缸补好了。 mend 还可意为“改正、纠正、治愈、使恢复健康”等。如： The prisoner is mending his way.囚犯在改过自新。 It is never too late to mend.亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。 |
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