英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。 被动语态的谓语部分的结构是be 过去分词。被动语态的句子有时态和人称,数的变化,这个变化都由be来承担,后面的过去分词不变。被动语态中的动词一定是及物动词或构成及物动词短语的词语。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为:主动、主动、主去动。 例如:Many people speak English. 谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。巧记为:被动、被动、主被动。例如:English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 例如:He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句) 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。 一般现在时:am/is/are+taught 一般过去时:was/were+taught 一般将来时:will/shall be+taught be going to be taught 现在进行时:am/is/are being+taught 过去进行时:have/has been+taught 现在完成时:have/has been+taught 过去完成时:had been taught 过去将来时: should/would be taught 带情态动词:can/may/must be taught 1.一般现在时 History is made by the people. 历史是人民创造的。 2.一般过去时 These new cars were made in Tianjing in 1994. 这些新车是1994年在天津生产的。 3.一般将来时 Li Ming will be asked to attend the lecture. 李明将被邀请参加讲座。 4.现在进行时 A new railway is being built. 一条新铁路正在修建。 5.过去进行时 The roads were being widened. 路那时正在加宽。 6.现在完成时 He has been sent to work in Shanghai. 他已经被派往去上海工作了。 7.过去完成时 A new hotel had been built when I got there. 我到那儿时,一座新旅馆已经建好了。 8.过去将来时 He said a new hotel would be built in two months. 他说两个月后新旅馆就会建好了的。 被动语态的否定句和疑问句 English is not used in European countries. 欧洲国家不使用英语。 Is English used in European countries? 欧洲国家使用英语吗? 1.否定句 凡是有be动词的句子,其否定句都是在be动词的后面加not,被动语态也不例外。 This song is not liked by young people. 这支歌不被年轻人所喜爱。 Rome was not built in a day. 罗马城不是一天建成的。 2.被动语态的疑问句 把Be动词放在句首,就构成了被动语态的一般疑问句;而疑问词 一般疑问句就构成了被动语态的特殊疑问句了。 Is Chinese used only in China? 汉语只是在中国使用吗? Were these computers made in the U.S.A.? 这些计算机是美国制造的吗? Yes,they were.是的。 No,they weren't.不是。 What language is spoken in China? 中国说什么语言? Chinese. 汉语。 What was it made of? 它是什么制造的? It was made of bamboo. 是竹子造的。 三、被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁 例如: Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This book was published in (2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。 例如:the window was broken by Mike. This book was written by him. Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。 歌诀:谁做的动作不知道,说出谁做的没有必要; 动作承受者需强调,被动语态运用到。/ 四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 (2)把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。 (3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如: All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory. The bikes are madeby them in the factory. 歌诀是:宾变主,主变宾,by短语后面跟。 谓语动词变被动,be后“过分”来使用。 五、含有情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。 歌诀是:情态动词变动,情态加be加“过分”,原来带to要保留。例如: We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. You ought to take it away. It ought to be taken away. They should do it at once. It should be done at once. He is going to make it. →It is going to be made(by him). We can change water into ice. 我们可以把水变成冰。 Water can be changed into ice. 水可以被变成冰。 You must not take out any books. 你不可以拿走任何一本书。 Any books mustn't be taken out by you. 六、使用被动语态应注意的几点 1.带双宾语的主动结构的句子,变为被动语态结构时,只能将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍要保留。如果保留的是间接宾语,要在间接宾语之前加上介词to或for.如: She sent me a novel on my birthday. I was sent a novel on my birthday. She sent a novel to me on my birthday. A novel was sent to me on my birthday. We are taught English by her.或English is taught to us by her. 同样类型的:give sb sth/buy sb sth; give sth to sb/ buy sth for sb. 2.当使役动词和感官动词(如make,let,hear,see等)用与被动语态时,不定式必须带to The boss made him work over twelve hours a day. He was made to work over twelve hours a day. 3.短语动词用于被动语态应作为一个整体,不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。如: The meeting has been put off. 4.有些及物动词和及物动词短语(多表示“静态”)不能用于被动语态,常见的有have, cost, last, hold, fit, agree with等。 5.有些不及物动词以主动形式表示被动意义,常见的有cut, wash, write, sell等。如: The shirt washes well. 动词短语的被动语态 take care of照看 →be taken care of cut down砍倒 →be cut down laugh at嘲笑 →be laughed at look after照料 →be looked after 必背! 被动语态的动词短语 以下这些短语本身即是被动语态的形式,不需再加“by”。 be covered with 用……覆盖着 be surprised at 对……感到惊奇 be known to 出名 be interested in 对……感兴趣 be made of(from) 用……制造的 主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况 学了被动语态,有些同学认为主动句和被动句可以随便换用,没什么差别,这是一个错觉,在一般情况下主动句比被动句用得多。同时,要注意有些情况下是不能变为被动语态的。 动词的变化 动词通常有下述的五种变化形态,以use 为例: 原形→ use 第三人称单数现在式→ uses 过去式→ used 过去分词→ used 现在分词→ using 1.当宾语是反身代词时 The man introduced himself as Mr. Parker. 那个人自我介绍说他是帕克。 I found myself in the park. 我不知不觉地来到公园里。 2.当谓语是表状态的及物动词时 Does the pair of new shoes suit you? 那双新鞋你穿着合适吗? We will have a meeting. ↓ (×)A meeting will be had. (○)A meeting will be held. 被动语态与系表结构的区别 “be 过去分词”可能是系表结构,也可能是被动语态,其主要区别是:被动语态表示以主语为承受者的动作,而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态。 The letter was written yesterday.(动作) 信是昨天写的。 The letter is written in English.(状态) 这信是用英文写的。 The store is closed at five.(动作) 这个商店五点钟关门。 The store is closed today.(状态) 这个商店今天不开门。 注意 为了明确地表示该被动语态是表示动作的,可用get来代替be动词。 My bike got(代替was)stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。 |
|