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高分必看,高中英语必修一语法大全人教版

 昵称38313464 2016-11-18


必修一人教第一单元语法归纳

直接引语变间接引语(I)

引述别人的话一般采用两种方式:一种是直接引述别人的原话,把它放在引号内,这叫直接引语(Direct Speech);另一种是用自己的话转述别人的话,被转述的话不放在引号内,这叫间接引语(Indirect Speech)。

间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语一般前后要加引号,间接引语不用引号。

John said, 'I like reading books.'(直接引语)

John said that he liked reading books(间接引语)

直接引语变间接引语时,句式、人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要做相应的变化。


考点1:直接引语是陈述句时,变间接引语时句式的变化

直接引语是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连接词that引导(that可以省略),同时人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语等做相应变化。引述动词如果是say to或said to,常改为tell或told。

 She said to me, 'I came back an hour ago.'

→She told me(that) she had come back an hour before.

 He said, 'I want to buy a dictionary.'

→He said (that)he wanted to buy a dictionary.

 'I like English very much,' he said to me.

→He told me (that) he liked English very much.


考点2:直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时,变间接引语时句式的变化

直接引语是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句时,变间接引语时用if/whether或whether...or..., whether...or not引导。疑问语序改为陈述语序。引述动词如果是say或said,常改为ask或asked。

 She said, 'Did you see him last night?'

→She asked (me) whether/if I had seen him the night before.

 He asked, 'Do you speak English or French?'

→He asked me whether I spoke English or French.

 'You have finished the homework, haven’t you?' my mother asked.

→My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.


考点3:直接引语是特殊疑问句时,变间接引语时句式的变化

直接引语为特殊疑问句时,变为间接引语仍用原句中的特殊疑问词来引导,其余的变化遵照直接引语和间接引语之间的转换规则来进行。但要注意将疑问语序变成陈述语序。

 'What do you want?' he asked me.

→He asked me what I wanted.

 'When will you come here and help me? ' she asked me.

→She asked me when I would go there and help her.


考点4:直接引语变间接引语时人称的变化

直接引语中的人称代词在转化为间接引语时,也要有相应的变化。一般遵循'一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新'的原则。


考点5:直接引语变间接引语时时态的变化

主句通常为一般过去时,从句在时态方面要做相应的变化,总的原则是向过去推一个时态。

1. 一般现在时→一般过去时

 She said, 'We hope so.'

→ She said that they hoped so.

2. 一般将来时→过去将来时

 She said, 'He will go to see his friend.'

→She said that he would go to see his friend.

3. 一般过去时→过去完成时

 He said, 'I took it home with me.'

→He said that he had taken it home with him.

4. 现在进行时→过去进行时

 He said, 'I’m writing a letter.'

→He said that he was writing a letter.

5. 现在完成时→过去完成时

 She said, 'I have lost a pen.'

→She said that she had lost a pen.

6. 过去完成时→过去完成时

 He said, 'I had finished my job before supper.'

→He said that he had finished his job before supper.


考点6:指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化

示代词:

1. this这个→that那个

 She said, 'I am coming this week.'

→She said that she was going that week.

2. these这些→those那些

 He said, 'These books are mine.'

→He said that those books were his.


间状语:

1. now现在→then那时

 He said, 'It’s ten o’clock now.'

→He said that it was ten o’clock then.

2. today今天→that day那天

 He said, 'I haven’t seen her today.'

→He said that he hadn’t seen her that day.

3. tonight今天晚上→that night那天晚上

 She said, 'I’ll do it tonight.'

→She said that she would do it that night.

4. yesterday昨天→the day before前一天

 He said, 'This happened yesterday.'

→He said that that had happened the day before.

5. ago(至今)以前→before(那时)以前

 She said, 'I arrived two days ago.'

→She said that she had arrived two days before.

6. tomorrow明天→the next day/the following day第二天

 She said, 'He’ll be back tomorrow.'

→She said that he would be back the next day.

7. next week下一周→the next week第二周

 She said, 'I’ll do it next week.'

→She said that she would do it the next week.


点状语:

here这儿→there那儿

 He said, 'I’ll come here tonight.'

→He said that he would go there that night.


向性动词:

come来/bring带来→go去/take带走

 He asked me, 'Will you come to visit me?'

→He asked me whether I would go to visit him.


必修一人教第二单元语法归纳


直接引语变间接引语(Ⅱ)


考点1:直接引语是祈使句时变间接引语的情况

如果直接引语是表示命令、建议或提议、请求、警告或提醒的祈使句,变为间接引语时通常要将祈使句的动词原形变成带to的不定式,并在不定式前根据句意以及说话者当时的语气或态度加上ask, tell, order, suggest, advise, beg, warn, remind, invite, request, command, encourage等动词。


示命令的祈使句

表示命令的祈使句变间接引语时,常采用ask/tell/order sb. to do sth.的形式。

 The policeman said to him, 'Go away.'

→The policeman ordered him to go away.


建议、提议的祈使句

表示建议、提议的祈使句变间接引语时,常采用'suggest+(sb.’s)doing/that 从句(suggest 后接that 从句时,从句使用虚拟语气,即从句谓语用'should+动词原形',should可省略),advise sb. to do或advise+that从句'等形式。

 'Let’s stay here till the storm stops,' he suggested.

→He suggested that we (should) stay there till the storm stopped.


请求的祈使句

表示请求的祈使句变间接引语时,常用ask, beg等词转述。

 My daughter said to me, 'Please don’t leave me alone at home.'

→My daughter begged me not to leave her alone at home.


警告或提醒的祈使句

表示警告或提醒的祈使句变间接引语时,常用warn, remind等词转述。

 Tom said, 'Don’t forget to buy that book.'

→Tom reminded me not to forget to buy that book.


考点2:直接引语为表示请求的一般疑问句

1. 若直接引语为表示请求的一般疑问句,其变为间接引语时人称和时态的变化规则和第一单元所讲的直接引语变间接引语时的规则一样。

2. 若直接引语中的一般疑问句是由表示委婉语气的would, will you please…等构成的疑问句,转化为间接引语时常用'ask sb. to do sth.'结构,也可用'ask if/whether…'。

 Wang Fei said to her, 'Would you please close the door?'

→Wang Fei asked her to close the door.


必修一人教第三单元语法归纳


现在进行时表示将来


现在进行时表示将来图解归纳:




考点1:现在进行时表示将来
位移动词的进行时表示将来

现在进行时表示将来主要用于表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作,常有'意图;安排;打算'的含义。这种用法通常要带一个表示将来的时间状语。有此用法的动词多是位移动词,如arrive, come, get, go, leave, return, start, take off, fly等。

 They are coming here this afternoon. 他们今天下午要来这儿。

 She is leaving tomorrow and you had better see her off. 她明天要离开了,你最好去送送她。

 When are you starting off? 你什么时候动身?


位移动词的进行时表示将来

现在进行时表示将来除使用位移动词外,也可使用某些非位移动词,如do, buy, meet, have, play, publish等,此时句中一般要有表示将来的时间状语。

 The young man is meeting his girlfriend this afternoon. 这个年轻人今天下午要去见他的女朋友。

 I am publishing a book this year. 我打算今年出一本书。

 What are you doing next Sunday? 下周日你打算干什么?

 She is buying a new bike soon. 不久她将买一辆新自行车。


考点2:将来时的其他表达法1:will/shall do

will/shall do表达单纯的将来时,是对未来事情发生的一种“预见性”。可用于说话时才想到或决定的事。will可用于各种人称,而shall多用于第一人称。

 This time next week I will/shall be in Scotland. 下周这个时候我就在苏格兰了。

 My brother will leave for the United States next week. 我的哥哥下星期要到美国去。


考点3:将来时的其他表达法2:be going to do

表示已经决定或安排好的要做的事情;还可以表示说话者根据现在的迹象或征兆“预测”不久即将发生的事情。

 What are you going to do tonight?——你今晚打算做什么?

I’m going to watch the football game on TV.——我打算看电视上的足球赛。

 The train is going to leave very soon. 火车很快就要开了。

 Look! It’s going to rain. 看!要下雨了。


考点4:将来时的其他表达法3:be to do

表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作;表示注定会发生的动作;表示命令、禁止、可能性等。

 The meeting is to take place next Monday. 会议定于下周一举行。

 You’re to be back by 9 o’clock. 你必须九点以前回来。

 His theory was to change the views on the universe. 他的理论势必要改变(人类)对宇宙的看法。


考点5:将来时的其他表达法4:be about to do

表示就要/正要做,指眼前的将来,不能和表示将来的时间状语连用。常用于be about to do…when…句型,意为'正要做……,这时……'。

 I am about to start. 我就要出发了。

 I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang. 我正要上床睡觉,这时电话响了。


考点6:指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
一般现在时表示将来:

情况一:

常用于表示按计划、按规定或是按时刻表将进行的未来动作,仅限于一些位移动词,如go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, begin等。

 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天早上六点开。

 —When does the bus start?——公共汽车什么时候开?

—It starts in ten minutes.——十分钟后开。

情况二:

用于时间和条件状语从句中。

 We are going fishing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨,我们就去钓鱼。


必修一人教第四单元语法归纳


定语从句(Ⅰ)——关系代词的用法


在复合句中对名词、代词、名词性短语、句子进行修饰、限定的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词、代词等称为先行词。引导定语从句的关系词有两种:关系代词和关系副词。关系代词和关系副词有三个作用:①引导从句;②指代先行词;③在定语从句中作成分。常见的关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等,常见的关系副词有where, when, why等。



考点1:关系代词的用法

关系代词who

who指人,在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。

 Here comes the girl who wants to see you.

想见你的那个女孩过来了。

 Danny is a man who we should learn from. Danny是我们应该学习的一个人。

关系代词whom

whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略,也可用who代替。

 Rose is the person (whom/who) you should look after. 罗丝是你应该照顾的人。

关系代词whose

whose一般指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作定语。whose=the+n.+of which/whom。

 I know the man whose company produces computers. 我认识那个人,他的公司生产电脑。


关系代词which

which一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略,但作介词的宾语,且介词提前时,不可省略。

 China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。


关系代词as

as用作关系代词,既可指人,也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。它常用在the same...as, such...as..., as...as...等结构中,as不能省略。

 Such teachers as know Tom think him bright. 那些认识汤姆的老师都认为他聪明。

 I’ll buy the same dictionary as you have. 我要买和你的一样的词典。

关系代词that

that既可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略。作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that之前,如介词提前时则需用which或whom来代替that。

 The number of people that came to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。

 The chair(that)you broke yesterday is now being repaired. 你昨天弄坏的那把椅子现在正在被修理。


考点2:定语从句中需注意的事项
只用that不用which的情况

(1)当先行词是all, much, anything, something, everything, nothing, little, none等不定代词时。

 She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。

(2)当先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰,或先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。

 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。

 This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

(3)当先行词被all, no, few, any, little, the very, the last, the only等词语修饰时。

 I’ve read all the books that were borrowed from others. 我已经读了从别人那儿借来的所有的书。

 Mr Smith is the only foreigner that she knows. 史密斯先生是她认识的唯一的外国人。

(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。

 I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚地记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

(5)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。

 Which is the true story that he told us? 他给我们讲的哪一个故事是真实的?

(6)当关系代词本身在定语从句中也作表语时。

 He isn’t the boy that he was. 他不再是过去那个样子了。


只用which不用that的情况

(1)在定语从句中作介词的宾语,且介词位于关系代词前时。

 This is the room in which he lives. 这是他住的房间。

(2)引导非限制性定语从句时。

 Tom came back, which made us very happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。

(3)在限制性定语从句中,如果有两个定语从句,其中前一句的关系代词是that,那么后一句的关系代词就要用which。

 Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from that library which was newly open. 我给你看一本从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。


用who不用that的情况

(1)先行词是指人的不定代词时,如:one, anyone, no one, all, nobody, anybody, none等,或先行词为those或被those修饰,指人时。

 The student you should learn from is the one who works hard and studies well. 你应该学习的是那个学习努力且成绩优异的学生。

(2)在there be句型中,先行词为人时。

 There is a young lady who asks for you. 有位年轻女士找你。

(3)一个句子中带有两个定语从句,且先行词都为人时,其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that,另一个一般应用who。

 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇到的那个男孩是学习非常努力的组长。


必修一人教第五单元语法归纳


定语从句(Ⅱ)


(when, where, why, prep.+which/whom)

当引导定语从句的关系词在从句中用作时间、地点、原因、方式状语时,应使用关系副词when, where, why或'介词+which'。关系副词的作用如下:①指代表示时间、地点、原因的先行词;②在从句中充当句子成分——状语,即在从句中起副词的作用;③起连接作用,它把主句和定语从句连接起来构成主从复合句。


考点1:

关系副词引导的定语从句

1.

when引导定语从句的用法



  (1)当先行词是表示时间的名词(如time, day, year, month, week等), 且关系词在从句中作时间状语时,定语从句用when引导。

  (2)when可以换成'介词+which'。

 I still remember the time when (= in which)I was in college. 我仍然记得我上大学的那段时光。

 I have forgotten the exact date when (= on which) this country became independent. 我忘记这个国家独立的确切日期了。

2.

where引导定语从句的用法


(1)当先行词是表示地点的名词(如place, room, mountain, airport等),且关系词在从句中作地点状语时,定语从句用where引导。

  (2)where可以换成'介词+which'。

 This is the hotel where(= in which) they stayed. 这就是他们住过的旅馆。

  (1)如果先行词为表示抽象地点的名词(如case, state, condition, point, situation等),且引导词在定语从句中作地点状语,引导词用where。

 We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们已经到了需要作出改变的地步。

 He gets into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right or wrong. 他陷入一种难以决定是非的境地。

  (2)当先行词为地点名词时,如果代替先行词的关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语,则用that或which引导定语从句。

 His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts. 他的父亲在一家生产收音机零件的工厂里工作。

3.

why引导定语从句的用法

  (1)当先行词是表示原因的名词reason,且引导词在从句中作原因状语时,定语从句用why引导,且只能引导限制性定语从句。

  (2)why可以用for which 来代替。

 This is the reason why (= for which)he left in a hurry. 这就是他匆匆离去的原因。

 The reason that he told me yesterday is a lie. 昨天他告诉我的理由是个谎言。


考点2:

'介词+关系代词'引导的定语从句

1.关系代词的选取

  在此结构中,先行词指人时关系代词用whom,不可用who/that;先行词指物时关系代词用which,不能用that。

 This is the student for whom I bought a book. 这就是我给他买书的那个学生。

 This is the ship by which I went to Shanghai. 这就是我去上海所乘的船。


2.介词的选取

  (1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。

 Is this the car for which you paid a high price? 这就是你花高价买的车吗?(pay…for sth.)

 In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街上,没有一个她可以求助的人。(turn to sb. for help)

  (2)根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。

  He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied. 他带来了老板满意的结果。(be satisfied with)

  (3)根据先行词与介词的习惯搭配来确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词。

 Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time? 你还记得我们第一次见面的那天吗?(on the day)

 Do you still remember the days during which we studied and laughed together? 你还记得我们一起学习、一起嬉笑的那些日子吗?(during the days)

  (4)根据句子的意思来确定介词。有些句子的先行词完全一样,定语从句中的谓语动词/主要形容词与介词也不能构成固定搭配,这时,需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。

 This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years. 这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。

 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. 这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。

  表示'所有关系'或'整体中的一部分'时,常用…of which/whom引导定语从句。

 The old man has two sons, both of whom are doctors. 这位老人有两个儿子,两个儿子都是医生。


  3.介词可以后移,此时关系代词可以省略(省略时,介词必须后移)。

 This is the book for which you asked. 这是你要的那本书。

 This is the book (which/that) you asked for. 这是你要的那本书。

 Is this the book (which/that)she is looking for? 这是她正在寻找的那本书吗?


  4.在'介词+关系代词'结构中,若介词短语表示位置,则定语从句往往用倒装语序。常见的这类短语有at the foot of, at the back of, in front of, on the top of等。

 They stayed in a big hotel, in front of which was a garden. 他们住在一家大旅馆里,旅馆前面是一个花园。


  5. '名词(代词、数词)+介词of+关系代词'引导的定语从句通常是非限制性定语从句,该结构在定语从句中一般作主语。其中'名词+介词of+关系代词'有时可以用'whose+名词'替换。

 Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week. 她的两个儿子都在国外工作,他们每周都给她打电话。

 The building had been repaired, the roof of which(= whose roof)was destroyed again in a big fire. 那幢楼房曾经被修过,但在一场大火中,楼顶又被烧毁了。


考点3:关系代词与关系副词的选用

定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词可以用以下两种方式判断:

根据从句的谓语动词是及物动词,后面若无宾语,用关系代词;是不及物动词则用关系副词。

  根据先行词在从句中所作的成分,把先行词放入定语从句中,若作主语或宾语用关系代词;作状语则用关系副词。

 This is the factory where he used to work. 这是他以前工作过的那家工厂。(work是不及物动词)

 This is the factory that/which I visited last year. 这是我去年参观过的那家工厂。(visit是及物动词)

 Is this the museum (that/which) you visited a few days ago? 这就是你几天前参观的那家博物馆吗?(从句缺少宾语)

 Is this the museum where the exhibition was held? 这就是举办展览的那家博物馆吗?(从句缺少地点状语)

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