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1. 常见后接动词原形的词或短语: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情态动词（can,could,may,might,must,need,should）/助动词(do,does,did)等。 （have“使、让”，可接动词原形，have sb（人）do sth ,但have sth（物）done ,如 I’ll have my bike repaired this afternoon. 又如make yourself understood） 【注意否定形式： had better / would you please / let直接加not + 动原； 而please加don’t + 动原】 2.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：like / love / hate / finish / enjoy / practice / mind / consider / keep / spend /avoid/ succeed in / be successful in/ feel like / can’t help / be busy / be worth / give up / have fun（difficulty;trouble）及介词of, for，in, on, at, by, about, from, without等。 3.常见后接带to不定式做宾语的词或短语：want / hope / wish / decide / plan / seem / need/dare/ learn/ in order /would like / can’t wait+ to do 后接带to不定式做宾补的词：want / wish /would like / encourage/ ask / tell / get / order / invite / advise / warn / allow / expect / lead/ encourage+ sb+ to do. 【否定形式：以上大多词 + not + to do sth】 4.双宾结构：pass / give / teach / offer / lend / send / sell / call / show / buy / draw/ ask / tell 等可加双宾结构。也就是接sb + sth. Pass me the book, please. He gave us some pens. 其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等也可接sth + to sb. 如: lend the book to me. buy, draw, sing, make等可接sth + for sb. 如: buy a dictionary for me. 另外，若sth是代词时，不用双宾结构。Please show it to me. 而不说show me it.
I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡时有人正敲门) I heard someone knock at the door three times. (听的是全过程) I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (此处有频率副词often) 若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式： We saw him go into the restaurant. → He was seen to go into the restaurant. I hear the boy cry every day. → The boy is heard to cry every day. 6.感官动词用法之二：look, sound, smell, taste, feel可当系动词，后接形容词。 He looks angry. It sounds good. The flowers smell beautiful. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired. 7.词序易错的短语：①形容词修饰不定代词或不定副词，形容词在后面。 Is there anything delicious in the fridge? I want to go somewhere warm. ②else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，也放在后面。 What else can you see in the picture? Do you have anything else to say? ③enough修饰形容词和副词，enough 放在后面。 He is old enough to go to school. She doesn’t listen carefully enough. 8.及物动词+副词：put on (穿上，戴上，上演) / put off (推迟) / put away (把…整理好) / put up (举起，搭起，挂起，张贴) / put down (放下) / put out(扑灭); take off(脱下) / take away(拿走) / take out(拿出); turn on(打开) / turn off (关闭) / turn up (调大) / turn down(关小); get back(取回); break down(损坏，倒塌); pick up(捡起、拿起)use up(用光); eat up(吃光）;sell out(卖完）;cheer up(振作;cheer on(给某人加油)；give away(赠送) / give out(发放) / give up(放弃) / give back(归还); try out(试验) / try on(试穿); ring up/ call up(打电话); hand in (上交) / hand out(分发；散发); work out(算出); write down(写下); cut down(砍下); throw away (扔掉) ; wake up(叫醒) ; look up(查找) / look over (仔细查看) 注：名词做以上短语的宾语，可放在它们中间或后边；而代词做宾语，只放在中间。 9.形容词与副词区别：①形容词修饰名词，作定语（划线部分）： She is a kind girl. What bad weather! I bought a new bike. 形容词可在系动词后，作表语(划线部分)： The girl is kind. His face turned red. You look happy. 也可放在不定代词或不定副词后面作定语： somewhere warm; anything new ②副词(以下划线部分)修饰动词、形容词、副词，也可修饰整个句子。 He ran fast Please speak loudly. Tim lives alone. 修饰动词 She is very angry. He felt too tired. I’m so lucky. 修饰形容词 He got up quite early. She did it very well. 修饰副词 Unluckily, I failed the English exam. 修饰整个句子 10.take, cost, pay, spend区别： ①It + takes + sb + some time + to do sth： It took us half an hour to cut down the tree. ②It + cost（过去式) + sb + some money + to do sth： It cost me thirty yuan to buy the bag. 或 物 + cost + sb + 钱： The bag cost me thirty yuan. 若cost后无sb, 则译作“价钱是”： The bag costs 30 yuan. ③人+ pay + sb + 钱 + for sth： I paid the seller 200 yuan for the bike.. (pay后所加内容可视具体情况取舍。切记for后接的是物，而不是人或钱。) ④人 + spend + 时间/ 钱 + on sth / (in) doing sth. The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet. =It took the girl two hours to search the Internet. The girl always spends much money on her clothes. spend 有时可指“度过”：spend holiday / weekends / winter 11.动词ed与动词ing作形容词用法：ed修饰人，ing常修饰物。 以下词凡是译为“使…”的及物动词，其ed形式的形容词都译为“感到…的”，其ing形式的形容词都译为“令人(感到)…的”。以下带-ed形式的词的各个短语一般都译为“对…感到…”。 exciting surprising interesting pleasing= pleasant satisfying tiring boring moving worrying excited (be ~d about) surprised (be ~d at) interested (be ~ed in) pleased (be ~d with) satisfied(be satisfied with) tired (be ~d of) bored (be ~d with) moved (be ~d by) worried (be worried about) excite（使兴奋） surprise（使惊讶） interest（使感兴趣） please （使高兴） satisfy (使满意) tire（使厌烦） bore（使厌烦） move（使感动） worry（使担忧） 12.对“评价”、“天气”的提问之区别： ①What do you think of …?= How do you like …? “你对…怎么看？” ②What’s the weather like in…? = How is the weather in…?“…的天气什么样?” 13.wish和hope: ①wish既可接to do sth. 也可接sb + to do sth.或 sb+sth. 也可接that从句.∕ I wish you success. I wish to spend my summer holiday in I wish you to join my party this Sunday. I wish (that) I could be a scientist. （注：从句用虚拟语气。） ②hope接to do sth. 或that从句. 但不接sb to do sth. I hope to receive a letter from you some day. I hope (that) you will get well soon. I hope (that) everything goes well. （接从句时不用虚拟） 14.thanks for和thanks to的区别: Thanks for helping me with the work. (此句表达对对方为自己做了某事的感谢，后无补充的结果。) Thanks to your suggestion, I didn’t make such mistakes. (此句表达感谢由于某方所做的有利的事，出现了后面的结果。) ①few，little“几乎没有；少”否定词。few加可数名词复数, little加不可数名词。 There is little water in the bottle, is there? (前否定，后肯定) Tom is so shy that he has few friends. ②a few“一些”肯定词，加可数名词复数; a little“一些；一点”也是肯定词，加不可数名词。 Tom is not an Englishman , but he knows a little English. ③另外，在too, very, so等词后用few, little; 在only, just, still等词后用a few, a little. 而quite a few / a little 都译为“很多”，分别相当于many和much. （注：有时a little…..并不是固定短语。如： a little sheep译为“一只小羊”） 16.as soon as 和…一样快；一…就…； as much as和…一样多；多达； as long as和…一样长；长达；只要； as well as和…一样好；和…一样； as far as远达；就…来说 (as…as…在否定句中也可说so…as….) 也可表示倍数：This room is twice as big as that one. 这个房间是那个房间的两倍大。 17.prefer用法：prefer sth to sth 或 prefer doing sth to doing sth.“比起…更喜欢…” ；prefer to do sth rather than do sth宁愿…也不愿…；若单独一个prefer，和like 用法类似，后接 to do sth 或 doing sth “更喜欢做某事” 18.so与such区别： so是副词，后跟形容词/副词，so tall / slowly / carefully / young… such是形容词，后跟名词短语。such bad weather / good news /beautiful music…;such a beautiful girl / such an interesting lesson… ; =so beautiful a girl / so interesting an lesson… such kind boys / new desks / friendly people /…; 若名词前形容词是many, much, few, little时，不用such, 而用so. so many flowers / much rain / few friends / little water… 也常有“so / such …that…”句型，译为“如此…以致于…”。 19.so的另两个用法：①so + be / 情态动词 / 助动词 + 主语，表示“…也”，上下文所指不是同一个人或物。 The twins are working, so am I. If you go there, so will I . A: I woke up late this morning. B: So did I. ②so + 主语 + be/情态动词/助动词，表示“的确如此”上下文所指是同一个人或物。 A: Bruce can work out the problem. B: So he can. 20.neither / nor用法之一：neither / nor + be / 情态动词 / 助动词 + 主语，表示 “…也不”，上文是否定句。 She can’t swim, nor / neither can her brother. 21.keep, make, get, have用法： ①keep + sb / sth doing sth “让…一直做…” I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long. (区别：keep + doing sth “坚持做某事，一直做某事”) ②make + sb / sth do sth让…做某事(接动原） I’ll try to make you understand what I mean. make若用于被动语态，原有后接动词原形要改为带to不定式 I made him wait for long. →He was made to wait for long. ③get + sb / sth to do sth.让…做某事。He got Peter to buy him a pen. ④have + 宾语+ 动词原形 /过去分词 Have him do it, please.让他做它吧。（him 和 do 逻辑上形成主谓关系，do用原形。） We had the machine repaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让机器被修理了，表被动。） ⑤也都可接形容词：keep safe / busy, keep the door closed / open, make us happy, get the door closed, have everything ready. 22.used短语：used to + 动原，“过去常常” He used to smoke. be used to 译为“被用于…”，后接动原。 It is used to cut things. （主语是物） =be used for “被用于…”，后接名词或动词ing （主语也是物） English is used for business. Knives are used for cutting things. be used to 译为“习惯于…”，后接动词ing或名词 / 代词. （主语常是人） He’s used to working late. We are used to the country life. 23. through / past / across 区别: 都可作介词，“穿过”，前常有位移动词。 through the window / gate / forest across the road / street / river / bridge He climbed through the window and saw what he could take away.（从内部经过） He swam across the river. （从河的表面经过） He went past me without saying any words. （从我旁边经过） 【through,内部;across,表面; past,旁边】 go/walk +past相当于动词pass; go/walk + across相当于动词cross. 24.the number of / a number of: 前者“…的数量”；后者“许多的” 都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。 The number of the trees is two thousand. （用单数谓语, 另注意trees前有限定词） A number of trees have been cut down. （用复数谓语, 另注意trees前无限定词） 25.hundred / thousand / million / billion: 前有具体数字，这些词不加s及of。 如： nine hundred people, ten thousand students等。 这些词前若无具体数字，后加s和of。 如： hundreds of （成百上千的）cars; thousands of （成千上万的）trees; many millions of（成百万的）people; billions of （几十亿的）stars 但前若有several, 后常不加s和of：several million pounds 26. Must I / May I / Need I …? 用法 ①Must I …? “我必须…吗？” A: Must I finish the work? B: Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t. /don’t have to ② Need I…? “我有必要…吗？”或“我需要…吗？” A: Need I clean the house? B: Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t. ③ May I …? “我可以…吗？”表示请求。 A: May I go out for a walk now? B: Sure. / No, you mustn’t / can’t. 27. each, every; both, all; neither, none; the other, another; either ,any的用法 每一个 each, every(三者以上) 都 all（三者以上） 没一个 none(三者以上) 任何一者 any（三者以上） 另一个 another（三者以上） *There are many trees on both sides of the road. =on either side of the road. =on each side of the road. other / others / the other / the others / another的用法: ①如果不特定指出哪一个，是泛指，“另一个”要用another, 后加可数名词单数。 If you are still thirsty, you may have another cup of tea. （没特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是单数。） another也可+数字+可数复数：The meeting will last another two hours. （再持续两小时） (此处相当于：数字+ more +可数复数 two more hours.) ②如果只有两个或只有两部分，就给出了范围，其中另一个或另一部分是特指 (other前有the.)， 有如下用法： 第一种，所说内容只有两个：
第二种，只有两部分：此种情况下the other后接可数名词复数，或不接名词而只在the other后加s. Two children went there, but the other children / the others stayed. Two fifths of the students in our class are boys, the other students / the others are girls. ③如果没有显示出只有两部分，未给出范围，则是泛指，不加the. Lei Feng liked helping other people / others. Alice didn’t like that dress, so she asked to see some others. ④other的另一用法：用比较级的形式，体现最高级的含义。 He is taller than any other boy in his class. (划线中boy常用单数) = He is taller than the other boys in his class. (划线中boy用复数) = He is taller than the others in his class. 他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。 28.how long / how often / how soon / how far: ①how long 是对长度或时间段提问。 How long is the river? -It’s 5,000 kilometers long. (对长度提问) How long have you lived there? -For five months. / Since 2002. (对时间段提问) ②how often是对频率提问，如：never, sometimes, often, usually, always, once a week, twice a day, three times a year等。 How often do you watch TV? - Twice a week. / Sometimes. 【若只有次数，则用how many times 提问： How many times do you watch TV a week? -Twice. / only once.】 ③how soon 是对“in + 时间段”提问： How soon will you return to ④how far是对以下三种表达法的提问： —How far is it from your home to the school? 有以下三种回答： ▲—It’s five minutes’ walk / an hour’s ride / thirteen minutes’ drive. ▲—It’s about 20 kilometers (far) away. (注意回答时不再用far,而用away, 或far away) ▲—It’s 15 minutes by bus / on foot / by train / by bike. 29.分数表达：分子(基数词)若超过一，分母(序数词)需加s： 三分之一: a / one third 三分之二: two thirds 四分之一: a / one fourth 或a / one quarter
五分之一: a / one fifth 五分之二: two fifths 其它类推。 若分数所在of短语作主语，谓语依of后的名词而定： of后是可数名词复数时，谓语用复数；of后是不可数名词时，谓语用单数。 Two fifths of the students are on time. Two fifths of the land is polluted. 30.到达：①get to + 地点 get to Shanghai / London / China 接地点副词时，不带to. get there / home / here. ②arrive in+大地点(如Beijing / Zhengzhou)，arrive at+小地点(如school / hospital) arrive只作不及物动词，所以也可单独用：Please ring me up when you arrive. ③reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点：reach 31.because/ instead / out等与加of的区别： ①because 后接句子，because of 接名词或代词。 He didn’t come because he was ill. / because of his illness. ②instead是副词，单独在句尾。instead of 后要接名词或代词。 We didn’t have rice, we had noodles instead. / instead of it. ③out 副词，可单独用，但若接地点，先加of. He went out early. 或He went out of the house early. 32.too much, too many与much too: much too“过于”，加形容词或副词原级。much too big / slowly等。 too much“太多的”，加不可数名词。too much work / rain等。 也可修饰动词：Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. too many“太多的”，加可数复数。too many books / people等。 （以上每个短语可依第二个词来决定其后要接什么词。） 33.“另外的…(个) …”结构： 数量 + more + 名词， 如two more students “另两个学生” 以下类似：one more towel, three more suits, many more tiles, much more truth, some more meat, a lot more people a little more experience, 上述结构有时也可用another + 数字 + 名词替代： five more trees = another five trees (记住词的位置) 34.talk, tell, say, speak: ①talk只作不及物动词。 Don’t talk in class. Shall we talk about our English study?
(注意talk接人和接物时介词搭配不同：talk with / to sb ; talk about sth) ②tell只作及物动词,“告诉；讲”。常接双宾结构（tell sb sth.） Mr. Li told us an interesting story. Who told you the news? ③say必须接有内容，或逻辑上有内容作宾语。 Please say it in English. He said nothing. “I disagree with you.” said Tom. Do you have anything to say? say 若接sb, 则需先加to: I must say sorry to you. “I overslept this morning.” he said to me. ④speak ●“说话”不及物动词。He spoke too fast for me to follow. ●接人时先加介词to. May I speak to Mr. Smith? ●可表说话的能力。The baby can speak now. 那婴儿现在能说话。 ●也可译为“演讲，发言” Who will speak in the meeting? ●也可译为“说”，作及物动词，后接语言。Do you speak English? 35.sometimes / some times / sometime / some time: sometimes: “有时”=at times. Sometimes he becomes very angry. （sometimes 放在be后, 实义动词前,也可放在句首或句尾） some times: “几次” I have been to Nanjing some times. sometime: “某时” I bought it sometime last spring. 我去年春天某个时候买的它。 some time: “一段时间” We have to stay here for some time. 36.就近原则：常见的有：Either you or Lucy is wrong. Not only you but (also) I am strict in the work. Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before. There is a dog and two cats in the yard. (there be句型) 37.主谓一致：One / Neither of you is right. （单数谓语） Tom, with /as well as /along with his friends, has gone. (主语是Tom, 单数谓语) This pair of shoes looks beautiful. （主语是pair, 谓语用单数） The shoes look beautiful. （此句主语无pair, 谓语用复数） The old need to be looked after carefully. (the 加形容词表一类人，谓语用复数) Mr. and Mrs. Green /The Greens are from The teacher and writer is an able man. (指教师兼作家, 一个人，单数谓语) Both you and I are excited about the news. （both…..and …做主语，谓语用复数） 38. win与beat区别：都有“赢”的意思。 win后加物(比赛或奖项)： I’m sure Jim will win the match. We won the first place in the sports meeting. 我们赢了第一名。 而beat后加的是人，也可译为“打败”：I’m afraid they will beat us. I hope we can beat the boys’ team. (男子队，相当于人。) 39.have gone to/have been to/have been in: ①have gone to+地点“已去了…（还未回来）” -I can’t find those children, where are they? -They have gone to the farm. ②have been to+地点“去过…（原来去过，现在已回） ”句尾常接次数或多个地点 或before，或句中常有ever, never等。 She has been to Have you been to I have never been there before. Where have you been? (此行省略了to) ③have been in + 地点，“已在…（多久了） ”句尾常接for + 时间段，或since + 时间点 / 一般过去时的句子。 Peter has been in I’ve been here for 2 hours / since 2 hours ago. (此短语省略了in) I have been in this city since I left my hometown. 40.常用于现在完成时的词或短语：for（后加时间段，句中谓语用延续性动词）； since（后加时间点或一般过去时的句子，主句谓语用延续性动词）； How long（对时间段或for与since引导的内容提问，句中谓语也用延续性动词） in / all one’s life（在某人一生）；in / during the past / last+时间段 (在最近的…时间内) ；so far（“到目前为止”）； ever；never；just；before ；recently；.yet already等。 41.乘交通工具之表达: ①by bike / car / sea (ship) / air (plane) (前无冠词，且不用复数) ②on a / his bike / the plane / a ship (有冠词或限定词) ③in his / a car (car前用in) ④on foot ⑤动词短语: ride a bike / a horse; drive a car; walk; take a plane / taxi / bus; fly 42.leave的用法：①leave可指“离开”leave Zhengzhou离开郑州 leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan离开郑州到武汉 leave for Wuhan动身到武汉 (for后接目的地，而不是出发地) ②leave留下；忘记；剩下 I left my book at home. There are 10 minutes left. leave后接地点，而forget后无地点。如：Sorry, I forgot the money. 43. watch, see, look, read ①watch TV, watch a football match ②He can’t see the words on the blackboard.(看的结果，看见) ③Look at these two pictures.(强调有意识地看) ④read the newspaper/ a book / a letter 44. missing与lost: 都可译为“丢失的，失踪的” 但用的分别是动词的现在分词和过去分词形式。 My pen is missing / lost. (表语) I’ve found the missing / lost book. （定语） 45.常见国籍、人与语言的对应： ①China“中国” Chinese（无复数形式）“中国人（的）/ 中文（的）/ 中国的” a Chinese/ two Chinese“一个 / 两个中国人” Japan, Japanese 和此类似。 ②England“英国（原义：英格兰）” (= Britain) English（无复数形式）“英国人（的）/ 英语（的）/ 英国的” He is English.(前无冠词)= He is an Englishman.(前有冠词)“他是英国人” 注意复数：They are English. = They are Englishmen. (变为men) ③France“法国” French(无复数形式)“法国人(的) / 法语(的) / 法国的” The lady is French. (前无冠词)= The lady is a Frenchwoman.(前有冠词) 注意复数：The ladies are French. = The ladies are Frenchwomen. ④Germany“德国” German“德国人(的) / 德语(的) / 德国的” The boy is a German. (前有冠词) The boys are Germans.(复数加s.） ⑤Canada“加拿大” Canadian“加拿大人(的) /加拿大的” (复数加s) ⑥America“美国” American“美国人（的）/ 美国的” He is American.(前常无冠词） They are Americans.(复数加s) 类似还有：Russia-Russian; Australia- Australian; India- Indian 46.易写错词形: ◆noise(名词)“噪音”; noisy(形容词); noisily(副词) ◆health(名词)“健康”; healthy(形容词) (keep healthy); healthily(副词) ◆luck(名词)“运气”; lucky(形容词)“幸运的”; luckily(副词) ◆succeed(动词)“成功”; success(名词); successful(形容词); successfully(副词) ◆die (动词)“死”; dead(形容词); death(名词) dying(形)将死的 ◆save(动)“救”; safe(形)“安全的”; safety(名)“安全，安全场所”safely(副) “安全地” ◆true（形）“真的，对的”; truly(副)“真正地”; truth(名)“真理, 事实” ◆terrible(形容词)“难受的，可怕的”; terribly(副词)“可怕地” ◆care(名，动); careful(形)认真的; carefully(副)认真地; careless(形)粗心的; carelessly(副)粗心地 ◆please(动)使…高兴; pleased(形)满意的,高兴的; pleasant(形)令人愉快的; pleasure(名)快乐 With pleasure非常乐意; It’s a pleasure不用谢 47.It’s + 形 + of sb 与 for sb的区别： ①It’s kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真好。 解释：kind, nice, good, clever, foolish，lazy等词表示的是人的特点或性格。此句相当于在说You are kind to help me. 形容词在描述人而不是事，此情况下介词用的是of. 又如： It’s very clever of you to do it in such a way. 你用那种方法做它可真太聪明了。（指人聪明） ②It’s easy for you to do the work. 对你来说做这事是容易的。 解释：easy，difficult, necessary, important, dangerous, interesting等词如果在句中不反映人的特点或性格，如此句中并不是在说You are easy. 而是To do the work is easy。不是说人，而是说事。此情况下介词用的是for. 又如：It’s dangerous for us to climb the mountain. 不是说“我们”是危险的，而是说“爬山”这件事是危险的。故用for。 48. take, bring, fetch与carry: 都译为“拿”。 ◆take“拿走”，从说话人处带到另一处。 Could you take the rubbish out when you leave? ◆bring“带来”，从另一处带到说话人处。 Don’t forget to bring your homework here tomorrow. ◆fetch“去拿来”，先到另一地拿东西，然后再返回到说话人处。 如： When you go back to the classroom, please fetch me my pen. ◆carry“拿、搬、扛”，没有特定方向。 Tim is carrying a box. 49. borrow, lend, keep区别 ①borrow sth. from sb./sp.(借入) ②)lend sth. to sb.(借出) ③--How long can I keep the book?(keep为延续性动词) -- You can keep the book for two weeks. 50. in / on / at + 时间：①in three days (“…时间后”，常用一般将来时。) in September（in跟“月”）in 1998（in跟“年”）in the 1860s(在十九世纪六十年代) in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night ②on Christmas Eve; on October 1st; （on跟“日”） on Sunday evenings; on a cold morning; on a windy night. on the morning / afternoon / evening / night of September 10th. (morning / afternoon / evening / night若有前置或后置修饰词时，如以上划线词， 前面用的是on. 而若是early / late 修饰时，仍用介词in. 如：in an early morning ) on Fridays; on New Year’s Day; ③at 6:00;（点钟前） at Christmas; at noon; at night 51. in / after / for+一段时间的区别 in+一段时间，用于一般将来时态中 He will come back in three days. after+一段时间，用于一般过去时态中 He went to Shanghai after three days. for+一段时间，用于现在完成时态中 He has been in Shanghai for three days. 注：after+具体某个时间点，可用于一般将来时 He will come back after 7 o’clock. 52.常见部分名词及其修饰词：①price(价格)常用high 与low修饰。 sell sth at a high / low price 以高 / 低价出售. The price of the shoes is high / low. ②number(数量)常用big / large和small修饰：The number of the students is big. ③quality(质量，品质)常用low / poor和high / good修饰。 ④population(人口)常用big / large和small修饰： 53. That’s all right / All right / That’s right. 的区别： That’s all right. = That’s OK. “没什么，别客气”，是对对方道谢或道歉时的回答。 All right. = OK. “行，好，可以”，表示同意。 That’s right. = You are right. “你说的对；对”，表示认同对方的观点。 54.常见带to为介词而不是不定式的短语： prefer…to…(更喜欢)；look forward to …(期待；渴望)； pay attention to…(注意)；be used to …(习惯于)； make a contribution to…(为…做贡献)；stick to…(坚持) (以上短语可接名词或代词，若接动词，需用ing形式) 55.条件与祈使:有时条件句可以与祈使句相互转换，注意以下句子结构有何不同。 ①If you work hard, you will achieve your dream. 含条件句，相当于： Work hard, and you will achieve your dream. 含祈使句，根据句意，用and连接后一句子。 ②If you don’t listen carefully, you won’t understand it. 相当于： Listen to me carefully, or you won’t understand it. 根据句意，用or (否则）连接后一句子。
There is going to be /will be a concert this Sunday.这里不能用have,give或hold等. 注意比较：We are going to have a meeting tomorrow. She is going to give a concert next Sunday. There be 的完成时的表达法： There have been+复数名词/has been+单数名词 ◆There be + n. + doing sth. 某地有某人在做某事 There are many students playing football on the playground. 57.happen的用法： (1) sth. happened to sb. (某人发生某事，要用某事作主语) A little accident happened to him yesterday. (2) What’s happening now? What happened?(happen不能用被动语态) (3) sb. happened to do sth. (某人碰巧做了某事) I happened to meet an old friend of mine on my way home yesterday. 58. it作形式主语，也可以作形式宾语。 It’s difficult to learn English. (it作形式主语) Many students find it difficult to learn English.(it作形式宾语) =Many students find (that) it’s difficult to learn English. 59. must, may, might表示肯定的猜测; can’t表示否定的猜测“不可能”。 I’m sure he must know the answer. (一定) He may know the answer. But I’m not sure.（可能） This story book can’t be Bob’s sister’s. His sister is only a baby.（不可能） 60. Would you mind (not) doing sth ? (回答用Not at all, Certainly not, Of course not) Would you mind my opening the window? =Would you mind if I open the window? 61.有些动词既可接不定式又可接V-ing形式做宾语，意思基本不变。如：like, love, hate, begin, start等。 62.有些动词既可接不定式又可接V-ing形式做宾语，但是意义不一样。 forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事（还没做） forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事了（已做过） remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事（还没做） remember doing sth. 记得做过某事了（已做过） stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停下手中正在做的事 go on to do sth. 做完一件事接着做另一件 go on doing sth. 继续做原来做的同一件事 try to do sth. 设法（尽力）做某事 try doing sth. 尝试着做某事 63.感叹句的句型： What + a/an +形容词+名词（可数单数）（+主语+谓语）！ What an interesting film it is! What+形容词+名词复数或不可数名词（+主语+谓语）！ What exciting news it is! What beautiful flowers they are! 特别提醒：news, weather, work, paper, music, advice, information, knowledge, progress 为不可数名词。 How+形容词/副词（+主语+谓语）！ How beautiful the flowers are! How carefully she writes! 64.注意几个主从句的时态： （1）现在完成时+since+一般过去时 或It’s+时间+since+一般过去时 Three years has passed since he left his hometown. It has been / is three years since he left his hometown. （2）过去进行时+when+一般过去时 I was playing the computer games when he came in. （3）过去进行时+while+过去进行时（动词为延续性动词） My father was watching TV while my mother was cooking. （4）一般将来时+when/if（如果）+一般现在时（主将从现） I will go to the park if it doesn’t rain tomorrow. 注意：如果when/if引导的是宾语从句，则要用一般将来时（含将来时间的） I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. （宾语从句） 比较：If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go fishing. （条件从句） 65.问路的句型: Where’s the nearest post office? Which is the way to the post office? Could you tell me how to get to the post office? =how I can get to the post office? 注意：Could you please +do sth.?(这里的Could是表示委婉语气,不是指过去.) 66.被动语态的应用： (1)If people spit anywhere in public, they should be punished. (2)—Where did you go last night? –I was asked to go to Li Lei’s birthday party. (3)People can be seen running everywhere. Do you know what’s happening? (4)A new bridge will be built in our hometown next year. 67. when/while/after/before 后可直接加V-ing When talking to others=when you talk to others. before entering someone’s home=before you enter someone’s home after landing on=after you land on… 68.include（动词）， including （介词），意为“包括” The tour includes a visit to the Science Museum. The band played many songs,including some of my favorites. 69.不定冠词a/an的用法 ◆ a, e, i, o, f, h, l, m, n, r, s, x等12个字母前用an，其余用a. ◆a university /uniform / a useful /European+ n. ◆an uncle / umbrella/ an ugly/unpleasant + n. ◆an hour / honor / an honest+ n. ◆an apple /orange /egg /eraser /island /idea / airport /actor /actress /artist/article ◆an old /easy / interesting /important / expensive + n. an English /American /Australian /Indian /Italian+ n. an MP3, an 8/11-year-old girl 70.需双写最后一个字母后，再加-ed的动词有：（其ing形式也一定是双写） plan, prefer, stop, shop, drop, chat, control, refer 但是fix /fiks/, open, offer无双写。 71.现在分词V-ing需双写，而过去式或过去分词无双写（按不规则动词表记）： cut , put, get, swim, begin, sit, set, run, win, dig, hit, spit, 72.动词的原形、过去式、过去分词一样的动词有： cut , put, set, hit, hurt, spread, read, cost, fit, let, shut, bet 73.加or表示人的词有：visitor, actor, inventor, translator, creator, educator,sailor 74.易考且易写错的序数词：one (first), two (second), three (third), five (fifth), twelve (twelfth), nine (ninth), forty (fortieth), twenty-one (twenty-first) 注：in his thirties 在他三十几岁时 on his thirtieth birthday在他三十岁生日时 At the age of thirty＝When he was thirty在他三十岁时 注：fourth, fourteenth, fortieth 75.用于回答对方道谢的有：That’s all right.＝That’s OK. You are welcome. Not at all. It’s a pleasure. With pleasure. 用于回答对方道歉的有：That’s all right. It doesn’t matter. Never mind. It’s nothing. Don’t mention it. 76. one和it都可以用来代替前面提到的名词，其区别如下： (1)one指不定的事物，而it指特定的事物。如: Jim lost a pen, but he has bought a new one. I’m looking for my pen, but I can’t find it. （it特指我丢失的那支钢笔。） one的复数用ones。如： I don’t like the red coats. I like the blue ones. 77. pants, trousers, shoes, shorts(短裤), glasses（眼镜）等作主语，其后的谓语动词用复数形式。如果这些名词前有a pair of修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。如: A pair of shoes is under the bed. 注：pair的复数用pairs. –Would you like to have a look at some pants? They may fit you. that blue pair. (这里不能用one) 78.It’s said that据说 It’s reported that 据报道 It says that 它写着 这里的it 指布告牌、报告、广播、通知等 79.词组辨析： ◆ put up举起,张贴 put down放下,记下 put on穿上,戴上，上演 put off 推迟,延迟put away收起来,放好 put out 扑灭,关熄，伸出 ◆ take off脱下；起飞 take away拿走 take down取下 take up占据 take out拿出,取出 take place 发生 take the place of 代替 take it easy 别紧张，别着急 take care of照顾 take one’s order点菜 take turns to do sth轮流做某事 take measures to do sth采取措施做某事 take sb/ sth to 把某人/物带到… ◆ look at看 look for寻找 look after照顾 look up查阅,查找 look over仔细检查 look out当心,留神 look like看起来像 look the same看上去一模一样 ◆turn on打开 turn off关掉 turn up开大声 turn down关小调低 turn over翻动 ◆ get on上车 get off 下车 get up起床 get down下来 get to 到来 get out出去 get along / on (well) with sb 与某人相处（很好） ◆ come in/into进来，走进 come on来吧，赶快，加油 come back回来 come out (of) 出来；出版 come from来自 come about 发生 come true实现come up with (an idea) 想出（主意） (come—came –come ) ◆give up放弃 give in屈服，让步 give out分发 give back归还，送回 ◆ think of (it) 想起，认为 think about (it) 考虑 think (it) over仔细考虑 ◆cut down砍倒 cut off切断 cut up切碎 cut into 切成 ◆run away流失，逃跑 throw away扔掉blow away刮走 wash away洗掉，冲掉 ◆send for派人去请 send up发射 send away解雇 (send—sent –sent ) ◆call up＝ring up 打电话 call for号召 call on sb.拜访，访问，号召 ◆ set up建立，创立 set off动身，起程 set out 出发，开始 ◆ fall asleep入睡; ( fall—fell—fallen); feel sleepy想睡，欲睡(feel—felt—felt) ◆hear from sb.=receive a letter from sb.收到某人的来信 hear of听说 (heard) ◆do business 做生意 on business 出差 in business 在商业方面 ◆be busy doing sth＝be busy with sth 忙于做某事 ◆break out 爆发 break down 抛锚，垮掉 (break--broke--broken) ◆be proud of 为……而骄傲 be the pride of 成为……的骄傲 ◆be full of ＝ be filled with 充满，装满 sb fill sth with ◆be harmful to ＝ do harm to 对……有害 ◆deal with（用how提问）＝ do with（用what提问）处理 ◆be worried about ＝ worry about 为……而担心 ◆decide to do＝make a decision to do决定做 make up one’s mind to do下定决心 ◆show sth to sb＝show sb sth给某人看某物 show sb around sp带领某人参观某地 at the end of 在……末/尽头 at the beginning of 在……初/开始 ◆fall down 摔倒 break down 抛锚；搞垮 bring down 推翻 pull down拆除 80.短暂性动词的完成时态不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，当它需要和表示一段时间的时间状语连用时，通常要进行转化，转化形式为： go/come/reach/arrive—be in , buy—have , borrow—keep , die—be dead , leave—be away from , begin—be on , open—be open , close—be closed , marry—be married , join—be a member of / be in , get to know—know 82.none 与 nobody(no one) none用于回答How many/much的问题，nobody用于回答who的问题。如： —How many students come to school by taxi? —None. —Who is in the room? —Nobody. 83.形容词的比较级和最高级重点句型归纳 1.比较级+than… 2…as+原级+as… 3.not as/so+原级+as… 4.-er+-er或者more and more+多音节的形容词原级 表示“越来越…” stronger and stronger ; more and more beautiful 5.the+比较级…, the+比较级: The busier she is,the happier she feels. 她越忙越开心。 The more careful he is,the fewer mistakes he will make. 他越认真犯的错误就越少。 6.the+形容词或副词的最高级+of/in/among+比较范围 7.one of the+最高级+可数名词的复数形式+in/of… 8.比较级可用的修饰词有：much,a little,far,still,even,a lot,a bit等。 9.形容词比较级+the的句型：She is the taller of the two girls. 附：不规则变化的形容词或副词 good/well better best many/much more most bad/badly/ill worse worst little less least old elder/older eldest/oldest far farther/further farthest/furthest 注意：few fewer fewest 84. (1) be made in 在……地方制造，后接表示地点的名词。 (2) be made of 用……制造的，表示原材料未经化学变化，仍可看得出原材料。 (3) be made from 用……制造的，表示原材料经过化学变化，已看不出其原样。 (4) be made by 由（被）……（人）制作，后接表示人的名词或代词。 (5) be made into （某物）被制成…… (6) be made up of 由……组成 如： The TV set is made in Japan. These houses are made of stones. Paper is made from wood. . Was this cake made by your mother? Metal can be made into all kinds of things. 85. (1) be used for+ving be used to do ｝ （被）用来做……强调用途或作用 (2)be used as （被）作为……而用，强调被当作工具或手段来用。 (3)be used by 被……使用，by后跟人/物，强调使用者。 (4)be/get used to doing 习惯于做某事 (5)used to do 过去常常做某事 Pens are used for writing. Wood is used to make paper. English is used as a foreign language in China. Recorders are used by English teachers. The old man is used to getting up early. I used to listen to music,but now I enjoy playing computer games. 86.if引导宾语从句和条件句的用法区别 I don’t know if he will go hiking tomorrow. (宾语从句) If he goes , so will I.(=I will go,too.) （条件句） 87.I think it necessary for us to eat fruits every day. （it是形式宾语） = I think (that) it’s necessary for us to eat fruits every day. （it是形式主语） 88.定语从句关系代词的用法 that在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指人或物；（作宾语时可省略） which在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指物；（作宾语时可省略） who和whom在定语从句中分别作主语、宾语，指人；（作宾语时可省略） whose在定语从句中作定语，指人或物。 如： Is this the boy whose father went to Canada last year? He is the owner of the house whose roof is being repaired. 以下几种只能用that: a. 当先行词是all,anything,something,nothing,everything,none等不定代词时； b. 当先行词被形容词最高级、序数词以及last,any.only,few,much,no,very等词修饰时； c. 先行词既有人又有物时。 注：关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语时，只能用whom和which,不能用that。 如：The beautiful lady to whom you just talked is Miss Chen. = The beautiful lady ( whom ,who,that) you just talked to is Miss Chen. The house in which Lu Xun once lived is now the Lu Xun Museum. = The house (which,that) Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum. 定语从句易混关系代词和副词的选择 This is the village that/which we visited ten years ago. This is the village where we lived ten years ago. This is the village that/which we lived in ten years ago. This is the village in which we lived ten years ago. |
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