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Edited by Spine Truth Editorial Team 脊柱甘露语林® 学术·疾病与健康科普·助学·公益行 之2000天，第1407篇 作 者：周全 博士 摘要abstract 颈椎和胸腰椎损伤是创伤患者治疗中常见的问题，在急诊就诊的钝性创伤患者中，颈椎损伤发生率为3%~4%，胸腰段骨折发生率为4%至7%。颈椎血管损伤和胸腰椎损伤的筛查标准与颈椎损伤筛查标准相比，有效性和可接受性相对差。损伤模式和机制的复杂性使得决定什么时候进行影像检查和什么类型的检查具有挑战性。 
于脊柱创伤的初始评估，CT优于X射线照片。CT血管造影和MR血管造影均可用于评估颈部血管损伤。评估脊柱创伤中的神经损伤时MRI优于CT脊髓造影。当担心韧带损伤或筛查反应迟钝患者颈椎不稳定时，MRI通常是合适的。
Figure 1 CCR High-Risk Factors for Cervical Spine Injury 
Figure 2 CCR Low-Risk Factors for Cervical Spine Injury[2] 
Figure 3 the Canadian C-spine rule for radiography[2] 
Figure 4 NEXUS 颈椎影像检查标准 Variant 1. Age greater than or equal to 16 years and less than 65 years. Suspectedacute blunt cervical spine trauma; imaging not indicated by NEXUS or CCRclinical criteria. Patient meets low-risk criteria. Initial imaging. 年龄大于或等于16岁但不足65岁。怀疑急性钝性颈椎损伤；影像学不符合为NEXUS或CCR的临床标准。病人符合低风险标准。初步影像检查。 Procedure | Appropriateness Category | Relative Radiation Level | Arteriography cervicocerebral 头颈部动脉造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT cervical spine with IV contrast 颈椎CT静脉造影剂对比增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT cervical spine without and with IV contrast 颈椎CT平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT cervical spine without IV contrast 颈椎CT平扫 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT myelography cervical spine CT颈椎脊髓造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢☢ | CTA head and neck with IV contrast 头颈部CTA增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | MRA neck without and with IV contrast 颈部MRA无、有对比增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRA neck without IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRI cervical spine without and with IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRI cervical spine without IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | Radiography cervical spine 颈椎X线 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢ |
Variant 1： 根据CCR标准，所有65岁以上的钝性创伤患者都应考虑颈椎影像学检查。 对于怀疑急性钝性颈椎外伤的患者(≥16岁和<65岁)，当影像学不符合Nexus或CCR的临床标准，且符合低风险标准（见上图CCR低危标准）时，不推荐进行影像学检查。 Variant 2. Age greater than or equal to16 years. Suspected acute cervical spine blunt trauma. Imaging indicated byNEXUS or CCR clinical criteria. Initial imaging. 年龄大于或等于16岁。怀疑急性颈椎钝性伤。影像学表现符合NEXUS或CCR的临床标准。初步检查。 Procedure | Appropriateness Category | Relative Radiation Level | CT cervical spine without IV contrast 颈椎CT无静脉对比增强 | Usually Appropriate 通常适用 | ☢☢☢ | Radiography cervical spine 颈椎X线 | May Be Appropriate 可能适用 | ☢☢ | Arteriography cervicocerebral 头颈部动脉造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT cervical spine with IV contrast 颈椎CT静脉造影剂对比增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT cervical spine without and with IV contrast 颈椎CT平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT myelography cervical spine CT颈椎脊髓造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢☢ | CTA head and neck with IV contrast 头颈部CTA增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | MRA neck without and with IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRA neck without IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫无对比增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRI cervical spine without and with IV contrast 颈椎MRI无、有对比增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRI cervical spine without IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O |
Variant 2： 颈椎CT平扫通常适用于≥16岁，怀疑急性钝性颈椎外伤患者的初次影像学检查，其影像学指标为Nexus或CCR临床标准。 Variant 3.Age greater than or equalto 16 years. Suspected acute cervical spine blunt trauma. Confirmed orsuspected cervical spinal cord or nerve root injury, with or without traumaticinjury identified on cervical CT. Next imaging study. 年龄大于或等于16岁。怀疑急性颈椎钝伤。证实或怀疑颈脊髓或神经根损伤，伴或不伴颈椎CT上证实的创伤。下一步影像检查研究。 Procedure | Appropriateness Category | Relative Radiation Level | MRI neck without IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 | Usually Appropriate 通常适用 | O | CT myelography cervical spine CT颈脊髓造影 | May Be Appropriate 可能适用 | ☢☢☢☢ | Arteriography cervicocerebral 头颈部动脉造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CTA head and neck with IV contrast 头颈部增强CTA | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | MRA neck without and with IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRA neck without IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRI cervical spine without and with IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | Radiography cervical spine 颈椎X线 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢ |
Variant 3： ≥16岁，怀疑颈椎急性钝性损伤，经证实或怀疑为颈脊髓或神经根损伤的患者，无论是否经颈CT检查，颈椎MRI平扫均应作为下一步影像学检查。 Variant 4. Agegreater than or equal to 16 years. Acute cervical spine injury detected onradiographs. Treatment planning for mechanically unstable spine. 年龄大于或等于16岁。X线片发现急性颈椎损伤。拟制定机械不稳定脊柱的治疗计划。 Procedure | Appropriateness Category | Relative Radiation Level | CT cervical spine without IV contrast 颈椎CT平扫 | Usually Appropriate 通常适用 | ☢☢☢ | MRI neck without IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 | Usually Appropriate 通常适用 | O | CT cervical spine with IV contrast 颈椎增强CT | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT cervical spine without and with IV contrast 颈椎CT平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT myelography cervical spine CT颈脊髓造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢☢ | MRI cervical spine without and with IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O |
Variant 4： 无静脉对比增强颈椎CT和无静脉对比增强颈椎MRI通常适用于≥16岁急性颈椎损伤（X线检查发现）和脊柱不稳定制定治疗方案。这些操作是对不稳定脊柱损伤的评估的补充。 Variant 5. Age greater than or equal to 16 years. Suspected acute cervical spine blunt trauma. Clinical or imaging findings suggest arterial injury with or without positive cervical spine CT. Next imaging study. 年龄大于或等于16岁。怀疑急性颈椎钝伤。临床或影像发现提示动脉损伤，下一步检查。 Procedure | Appropriateness Category | Relative Radiation Level | CTA head and neck with IV contrast 头颈部血管增强CTA | Usually Appropriate 通常适用 | ☢☢☢ | MRA neck without and with IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫 对比增强 | Usually Appropriate 通常适用 | O | Arteriography cervicocerebral 头颈部动脉造影 | May Be Appropriate 可能适用 | ☢☢☢ | MRA neck without IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫 | May Be Appropriate 可能适用 | O |
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Variant 5： 头颈增强CTA和颈部MRA平扫 增强通常是适用于≥16岁怀疑急性钝性颈椎外伤，临床或影像学表现提示动脉损伤患者的下一步影像学检查。这些检查是同等替代方案。 Variant 6. Age greater than or equal to 16 years. Suspected acute cervicalspine blunt trauma. Obtunded patient with no traumatic injury identified oncervical spine CT. Next imaging study after CT cervical spine without IVcontrast. 年龄大于或等于16岁。怀疑急性颈椎钝伤。颈椎CT未证实创伤，下一步检查。 Procedure | Appropriateness Category | Relative Radiation Level | MRI neck without IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 | Usually Appropriate 通常适用 | O | Arteriography cervicocerebral 头颈部动脉造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT myelography cervical spine CT颈脊髓造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢☢ | CTA head and neck with IV contrast 头颈部血管增强CTA | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | MRA neck without and with IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRA neck without IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRI cervical spine without and with IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | Radiography cervical spine 颈椎X线 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢ |
Variant6: ≥16岁的疑似颈椎急性钝性创伤反应迟钝患者，颈椎CT平扫未发现创伤性损伤,MRI平扫通常适合作为下一步影像检查。 Variant 7. Agegreater than or equal to 16 years. Suspected acute cervical spine blunt trauma.Clinical or imaging findings suggest ligamentous injury. Next imaging studyafter CT cervical spine without IV contrast. 年龄大于或等于16岁。疑似急性颈椎钝性创伤。临床或影像学发现提示韧带损伤。无静脉造影剂的颈椎CT下一步影像学研究。 Procedure | Appropriateness Category | Relative Radiation Level | MRI neck without IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 | Usually Appropriate 通常适用 | O | Arteriography cervicocerebral 头颈部动脉造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢☢ | CT myelography cervical spine CT颈脊髓造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CTA head and neck with IV contrast 头颈部血管增强CTA | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRA neck without and with IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRA neck without IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRI cervical spine without and with IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | O | MRI cervical spine without and with IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢ |
Variant 7： 对于怀疑急性钝性颈椎外伤的患者，≥16岁怀疑颈椎急性钝性损伤，临床或影像学表现提示韧带损伤，MRI颈椎平扫通常适合于颈椎CT后的下一步影像学研究。 Variant 8. Agegreater than or equal to 16 years. Suspected acute cervical spine blunt trauma.Follow-up imaging on patient with no unstable injury demonstrated initially,but kept in collar for neck pain. No new neurologic symptoms. Includes whiplashassociated disorders. 年龄大于或等于16岁。怀疑急性颈椎钝伤。对无不稳定损伤患者的随访初步检查，但因颈部疼痛保持颈托固定。没有新的神经症状。包括挥鞭伤相关疾病。 Procedure | Appropriateness Category | Relative Radiation Level | CT cervical spine without IV contrast 颈椎CT平扫 | May Be Appropriate 可能适用 | ☢☢☢ | MRI neck without IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 | May Be Appropriate 可能适用 | 0 | Radiography cervical spine 颈椎X线 | May Be Appropriate 可能适用 | ☢☢ | Arteriography cervicocerebral 头颈部动脉造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT cervical spine with IV contrast 颈椎增强CT | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT cervical spine without and with IV contrast 颈椎CT平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT myelography cervical spine CT颈脊髓造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢☢ | CTA head and neck with IV contrast 头颈部血管增强CTA | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | MRA neck without IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | 0 | MRA neck without IV contrast 颈部MRA平扫 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | 0 | MRI cervical spine without and with IV contrast 颈椎MRI平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | 0 |
Variant 8：对于未发现不稳定损伤的≥16岁患者，因颈痛保持颈托固定，且无新的神经学症状，CT颈椎平扫、MRI颈椎平扫或颈椎X线片可能适合于作为随访影像学检查。 Variant 9.Age greater than or equal to 16 years. Blunt trauma meeting criteriafor thoracic and lumbar imaging. Initial imaging. 年龄大于或等于16岁。钝性创伤符合胸腰椎成像检查标准。初步检查。 Procedure | Appropriateness Category | Relative Radiation Level | CT thoracic and lumbar spine without IV contrast 胸腰椎CT平扫 | Usually Appropriate 通常适用 | ☢☢☢ | Radiography thoracic and lumbar spine 胸腰椎X线 | May Be Appropriate 可能适用 | ☢☢☢ | CT myelography thoracic and lumbar spine 胸腰椎CT脊髓造影 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢☢ | CT thoracic and lumbar spine with IV contrast 胸腰椎增强CT | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT thoracic and lumbar spine without and with IV contrast 胸腰椎CT平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢☢ | MRI thoracic and lumbar spine without and with IV contrast 胸腰椎MRI平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | 0 | MRI thoracic and lumbar spine without IV contrast 胸腰椎MRI平扫 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | 0 |
Variant 9：胸椎和腰椎CT通常适用于≥16岁符合胸腰椎影像学标准钝性外伤患者的初次影像学检查。胸椎和腰椎CT重建可以同时获得胸部或腹部和骨盆的CT成像，对软组织损伤患者不需要附加辐射暴露。 Variant 10. Age greater than or equal to 16 years. Acute thoracic or lumbarspine injury detected on radiographs or noncontrast CT. Neurologicabnormalities. Next imaging study. 年龄大于或等于16岁。平片或CT平扫可发现急性胸椎或腰椎损伤。神经功能异常。下一步检查成像研究。 Procedure | Appropriateness Category | Relative Radiation Level | MRI thoracic and lumbar spine without IV contrast 胸腰椎MRI平扫 | Usually Appropriate 通常适用 | 0 | CT myelography thoracic and lumbar spine 胸腰椎CT脊髓造影 | May Be Appropriate 可能适用 | ☢☢☢☢ | CT thoracic and lumbar spine with IV contrast 胸腰椎增强CT | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢ | CT thoracic and lumbar spine without and with IV contrast 胸腰椎CT平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | ☢☢☢☢ | MRI thoracic and lumbar spine without and with IV contrast 胸腰椎MRI平扫 增强 | Usually Not Appropriate 通常不合适 | 0 |
CT脊髓造影可用于评价椎间盘突出或硬膜外血肿所致的外伤性椎管狭窄，并可评估神经节前神经根是否狭窄。与常规CT一样，CT脊髓造影在评估脊髓挫伤、脊髓出血和神经节后神经根损伤方面不如MRI。 Variant10： ≥16岁的患者在X线或非对比物CT上发现急性胸椎或腰椎损伤，同时有神经异常，胸椎和腰椎MRI平扫通常适合作为下一步影像学检查。 1. BeckmannNM, West OC, Nunez D, Jr., Kirsch CFE, Aulino JM, Broder JS, Cassidy RC,Czuczman GJ, Demertzis JL, Johnson MM, Motamedi K, Reitman C, Shah LM, Than K,Ying-Kou Yung E, Beaman FD, Kransdorf MJ, Bykowski J (2019) ACR AppropriatenessCriteria((R)) Suspected Spine Trauma. Journal of the American College ofRadiology : JACR 16 (5s):S264-s285. doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2019.02.002 2.Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen KL, Clement CM, Lesiuk H, De Maio VJ, LaupacisA, Schull M, McKnight RD, Verbeek R, Brison R, Cass D, Dreyer J, Eisenhauer MA,Greenberg GH, MacPhail I, Morrison L, Reardon M, Worthington J (2001) TheCanadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. Jama286 (15):1841-1848 
《脊柱甘露语林》：人体低电离辐射拍片法 为善如负重登山 志虽已确 而力犹恐不及 为恶如乘骏走坂 鞭虽不加 而足不禁其前 ——《格言联璧》
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