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367.高中非谓语动词系统知识点整理

 新用户38922816 2023-05-21 发布于海南
一:非谓语动词思维导图与解题步骤
顾名思义,非谓语动词是一种动词形式,且这种动词形式不能做谓语。

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二:非谓语动词时态语态和可充当的成分

1.动词不定式(时态与语态):


     

一般式

  to do

  to be done

完成式

  to have done

  to have been done

进行式

  to be doing


2.V-ing 形式(时态与语态):


一般式

 doing

 being done

完成式

 having done

having been done

3.过去分词(只有一种形式规则的:V-ed ;不规则的(记不规则动词表)

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①Facing the problem,she never give up.

②The house being built now is for the poor.

③Having finished my homework,  I went sleeping.

④Having been told many times,he finally understood it. 

⑤When completed, the house will be open to the poor.

⑥To catch the train, we’ d better hurry to the station by taxi.

⑦These are the books to be given out to the students.

⑧I’m sorry to have lost your key. 

⑨He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.

⑩It happened to be raining when I got there. 

4.充当的成分:

不定式:主.宾.表.定.状.补.

动名词:主.宾.表.定.

分词:定.表.补.状.

5.非谓语的逻辑主语
非谓动词做定语时,其逻辑主语是它所修饰的名词或代词。
非谓语动作做状语时,其逻辑主语是句子主语。
非谓语动作做宾补时,其逻辑主语是它前面的宾语。  
        

三:非谓语动词概念

非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化,但可以有自己的宾语、状语等。非谓语动词有动词不定式(to do)、动词的-ing形式、动词的-ed形式三类。

四:动词不定式相关知识点

(一)概念:不定式是指在句中不受人称和数的限制,并起着名词、形容词或副词作用的成分。故不定式在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语和状语。动词不定式有两种形式:一种带不定式符号to;一种不带不定式符号to

(二)考点归纳

1.不定式做主语:

①表示一次具体的情况:To say is one thing,to do is another.

②it 作为形式主语时,常见句型。

(1)It + be +adj + ( for sb) to do sth  ( adj 修饰物)

(2)It + be +adj + ( of sb) to do sth ( adj 修饰人)

(3)It + be + n. + to do sth    

(4)It takes/ took/ will take sb some time/money to do sth   

注意:单个不定式/动名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式;两个及以上不定式/动名词作主语时,谓语用复数形式;但作为一个整体时,谓语用单数形式。

①Where to go on a holiday and when to go for the holiday  have not been decided.

②Where and when to go on a holiday has not been decided.

2.不定式做宾语:

只接不定式做宾语的词,如agree,plan,demand.promise,help,prepare等

3.不定式做表语:

表示主语的内容,将来的动作,事态发展的结果等

Your task today is to wash the curtain.

4.不定式作定语:三种情况

(1)不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后,表示将来的动作。

注意:不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系,若该不定式是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。

◆Suddenly a good idea occurred to her, but she couldn’t find any paper to write on.

(2)序数词,形容词最高级,the last, the only,the right, the very等后或被这些词修饰的名词/代词后,常用不定式作定语。

◆He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school. 他总是第一个到校,最后一个离校。

(3)被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。常见名词:ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。

◆(辽宁卷)And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.

增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。

不定式作定语时,当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时,不定式使用主动式;当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时,不定式使用被动式。

◆Have you got anything to buy?你有什么东西要买吗?(youbuy的执行者)

◆I want to go to Beijing. Do you have anything to be bought?我想去北京。你有什么东西要买吗?(you不是buy的执行者) 

5.不定式作状语

(1)作目的状语:作目的状语时,不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语,这里往往译作为了,想要

E.g.To be a winneryou need to give all you have and try your best.

(2)作结果状语:常用于:so...as to...such...as toenough to...too...toonly to等结构中。

E.g.He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets had been sold out.他匆忙去了售票处,结果被告知所有的票已经卖完了。

(“onlyto do”表示出乎意料的结果,tell和主语he之间存在动宾关系,因而应用不定式的被动结构。)

易错易混点】不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别:不定式作结果状语往往表示意想不到的结果,而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。

E.g.His parents diedleaving him an orphan.

(3)作原因状语与形容词连用时,大多表示原因。这些形容词主要有情感类:happykindsurprisedfrightenedangryshockedgladdelighteddisappointed等。如:

E.g.I’m very glad to hear the news. 听到这个消息我非常高兴。 

(4)作条件状语:To turn to the left,you could find a post office.

(5)作方式状语(as if/though):She raised her hand as if to take off her hat.

6.不定式作宾语、主语补足语

表示一个完整的动作过程将要发生、经常发生或已发生。诸如get, ask, beg, invite, oblige, allow, hate, wish, want, expect, like, permit, encourage, request, advise, order, persuade, cause, warn等动词后都可用不定式作宾语补足语。

如果是动词是使役动词和感官动词,在主动语态中要用不带to的不定式作宾补,在被动语态中时,用带to的不定式作主语补足语。共11个,口诀:吾看三室二厅一感觉

一感觉: feel    

二听:hear,listen to

三让:let,have,make    

五看:observe, look at, see, watch, notice

如:①The policeman told the boy not to play on the road.

警察告诉这个小孩不要在道路上玩。

②The old man was often seen to stand at the door of his house.

这位老人经常被看到站在门口。(经常性的动作)

【易错易混点】有些动词如see, hear, feel, notice, watch等既可跟现在分词,也可跟不带to的不定式作复合宾语。它们的区别在于:现在分词着重说明动作正在发生;不定式着重说明动作的全过程

I saw the boys climbing the wall. 我看见孩子正在爬墙。

I saw the boys climb the wall. 我看见孩子爬墙了

五:现在分词与过去分词 

(一)概念:现在分词和过去分词在语态和时间方面有较大区别:

现在分词表示的意义是主动的,进行的the girl gathering flowers(正在采花的女孩)

过去分词表示的意义是被动的,完成的the flowers gathered this morning(早晨采的花)

注意:1.being donedone均表示“被动”,但是being done强调“正在被...”,句中一般会有nowat the moment等表示“现在”“此刻”的时间状语标志。The house being built now is for the poor.

2.having donedoing均表示“主动”,但是非谓语动词的时态根据谓语动词的时态决定。Having done表示非谓语动作发生在谓语动作之前,且有明显的时间先后顺序,句中有for many years;for centuries;twice;many times等强调动词持续性和反复性的标志词。Having been donedone的区别同理。

Having graduated from high school for a long time, he became a journalist.

Having been criticized today, he was so sad.

Brought up in Paris, she speaks French very fluently.

(二)考点归纳

1.分词作定语

(1)作定语的及物动词的分词形式有:doing、“being+done、done。

当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时,用doing;

当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时,用“being+done

当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时,用done。

(福建卷)Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.清华大学建立于1911年,是许多杰出人物的摇篮。

(北京卷)Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.昨天晚上,有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。

(2)作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为:doing和done。现在分词表示动作正在进行;过去分词只表示动作已完成,不表被动。

falling leaves 正在落下的叶子(表正在进行)     

fallen leaves 落叶(表完成)

2.分词做表语:doing说明主语的特征,done表示主语的状态。

The film is exciting.

He is excited at the news.

3.分词作宾补

(1)现在分词作宾补时,动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系,且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词:感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch等。

Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?听!你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗?

(2)过去分词作宾补时,动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词:感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep等。

(福建卷)Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period.珍妮希望史密斯先生会建议一个好的方法以使她的英语写作在短期内得到提升。

使役动词have, get后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点:

have sth. doneget sth. done让别人做某事

have/leave/make sb./sth. doing……一直做某事;

get sb./sth. doing 使……开始做某事

have sb. do sth.get sb. to do sth.让某人做某事

have sb. doing用于否定句中,常与can’twon’t等连用,表示不能容忍某人做某事

◆(四川卷)Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed.在开车进城之前,你需要找人洗洗车。 

4.分词作状语

分词作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等。为了强调,还可与while, when, once, if, unless等连用。非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时,过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。

(2018·江苏卷)Around 13500 new jobs were created during the period, exceeding the expected number of 12000 held by market analysts.在这期间,大约创造13 500个新的工作,超过市场分析师持有的12 000的预期数量。

(2018·北京卷)Ordinary soap, used correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.如果正确使用的话,普通肥皂可以有效地消灭细菌。

(天津卷)Absorbed in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching.由于专心绘画,约翰没有注意到夜幕正在降临。 

注意:有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常考的有:

独立成分

意义

generally speaking(to be general)

一般来说

honestly/roughly/strictly speaking

老实说/大体

/严格说

frankly speaking/to be frank

坦白说

judging from/by

根据……来判断

taking...into consideration/account

考虑到……

considering/seeing/given...

考虑到……

to tell the truth/to be honest

说实话

compared with/by

……相比

to make things worse

更糟糕的是

(浙江卷)To be honest, the pay isn’t attractive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting.说实话,尽管这份工作本身很有趣,但这个报酬不是很吸引人。

【易错易混点】独立主格结构作状语

独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立主格,用于修饰整个句子。该结构位置相当灵活,可置于句首、句末或句中,常由逗号将其与句子主体分开,在句中通常作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、目的等,还可以作定语。其构成形式主要有:

(1)名词/代词+形容词/副词/名词/介词短语/现在分词/过去分词/不定式(主动表被动)

Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。

He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。

(2)with/without+名词/代词+宾语补足语(现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语)

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newlyelected president is having a hard time.

有许多的难题要解决,这位新选的总统正度过一段艰难的日子。

(安徽卷)John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work finished, he gladly accepted it.约翰收到了一张宴会的请柬,由于工作做完了,他很乐意地接受了。

(北京卷)I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise going on.在这么多噪音的环境下,我没法做作业。

六:动名词

1)动名词作主语

①表示抽象或经常性的动作:Reading aloud is very helpful.

②it做形式主语:

It is a waste of time/money doing... 做……是浪费时间/金钱。

It is no good/no use/no fun/no need doing... 做……是没用的/没乐趣。

It is worthwhile/useless doing... 做……是值得的/无用的。

It is no fun/pleasure doing... 做……没有乐趣。

2)动名词作宾语 要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:enjoy, finish, suggest, avoidexcuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’thelp, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent...(from),keep ...from, stop...(from,protect...from, set about, be engaged in, spend...(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

3)动名词作表语:用于解释主语的内容: In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs.

4)动名词作定语 通常表示被修饰词的用途:He can’t walk without a walking stick.

Is there a swimming pool in your school?

七:重点易错易混点:

(一).不定式的逻辑主语

一般的结构为It be adj. +for+名词+不定式但在表示人物性格,特征等的形容词后kind, brave, careful, clever, foolish, honest, kind, polite, rude, stupid, wise,常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语.

1.I found it impossible for him to do the job alone.

2. It was very brave of  him to catch the thief.

).有些动词虽然既可跟不定式又可跟动名词作宾语,但意义差别较大

a) remember to do (记住要做某事), remember doing(记得曾做过某事)

b) forget to do (忘记要做某事), forget doing (忘记曾做过某事)

c) regret to do (因要做某事感到不安), regret doing(因做了某事感到后悔)

).分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,凡表示令人……都是-ing形式,凡是表示感到……”都用-ed形式。这类词常见的有:

interesting令人感兴趣的 --interested感到有趣的;  

exciting令人激动的 --excited感到激动的

delighting令人高兴的 --delighted感到高兴的;   

disappointing令人失望的 --disappointed感到失望的

).admit, advise, avoid, can't help, consider, delay, deny, escape, enjoy, finish, feel like, imagine, mind, practise, risk, suggest等动词以及所有带介词的短语动词后面只能跟动名词做宾语。

The boy was lucky enough to escape being punished.

).look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, devote … to, make contributions to, get/be used to, object to中的to是介词,因而其后接动名词做宾语,不要误用动词不定式。

(1) I'm looking forward to seeing you again.

(2) Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to setting up some schools for poor children.

).主动形式表示被动意义

动词want, need, require, deserve后作宾语的动名词的主动形式。这时句中的动名词与句子的主语有逻辑上的动宾关系。例:The TV set wants ( / needs / requires) fixing.= The TV set wants ( / needs / requires) to be fixed.

形容词worth后接的v -ing的主动形式。例:The film is worth seeing.

某些作表语的形容词(如easy, difficult, hard等)后接的不定式主动形式。例:This question is easy to answer.(=To answer this question is easy.

作定语时,当句中出现的名词或代词是不定式动作的执行者时,用主动式

I have a meeting to attend.             

The teacher gave John a book to read,

若不定式动作执行者不是上述情况,而是其他人,用被动态:

Here are the clothes to be washed

(7)所有非谓语动词的完成形式都不能做定语

to have done、to have been done、to have been doing、having done 和 having been done

赠人玫瑰手有余香,可以转给有需要的人哦

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