 原发性、恶性骨肿瘤显示脊索分化;它包括普通型、低分化型和去分化型(Primary, malignant bone neoplasm showing notochordal differentiation; it comprises conventional,poorly differentiated and dedifferentiated types)。9372/3普通脊索瘤( Conventional chordoma)9370/3低分化脊索瘤(Poorly differentiated chordoma)9372/3去分化脊索瘤(Dedifferentiated chordoma)2B5K & XH9GH0 其他或未特指部位的骨或关节软骨的未特指的恶性软组织肿瘤或肉瘤&脊索瘤NOS(nspecified malignant soft tissue tumours or sarcomas of bone or articular cartilage of other or unspecified sites & Chordoma NOS)2B5K & XH17D8 其他或未特指部位的骨或关节软骨的未特指的恶性软组织肿瘤或肉瘤&软骨样脊索瘤(nspecified malignant soft tissue tumours or sarcomas of bone or articular cartilage of other or unspecified sites & Chondroid chordoma)2B5Z & XH7303未特指类型的恶性间质肿瘤&去分化脊索瘤(Malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of unspecified type & Dedifferentiated chordoma)颅底脊索瘤通常起源于斜坡。鞍旁或向鞍上伸展是常见的。完全的鞍内病变是罕见的{29061463}。脊索瘤和垂体PitNET /腺瘤共存是例外(Co-existence of chordoma and pituitary PitNET / adenoma is exceptional){28516081}。鞍内脊索瘤表现为颅神经功能障碍(88,1%)、视觉障碍和内分泌异常(52,8%),包括高泌乳素血症和/或垂体功能低下{26535833;29061463}。头痛本身是很少见的。影像学:脊索瘤为破坏骨的中线病变。在MRI上,T1序列通常为低信号(比斜坡脂肪低),T2序列为高信号和不同的增强强化。患病率为0.088/1000000个体,占原发性中枢神经系统肿瘤的0.5%{32342333}。脊索瘤占鞍区病变的0.5% {17287410;31233145}。颅底是约38%的患者的原发部位{27609115;32342333}。儿童和成人都受到影响。患鞍内脊索瘤的成人比患非鞍内颅底脊索瘤的患者年龄更大(平均:55.5岁vs 43.3岁)。女性发病率较高(性别比率为1.16){29061463}。脊索瘤大多数是散发性的。已在家族性病例中报道有种系TBXT基因复制( Germline TBXT gene duplication)。与结节性硬化症相关{28498973}。脊索瘤可能起源于部分个体发育后持续残留的脊索残余(Chordomas likely derive from notochordal remnants that persist after the development in a subset of individuals. )。尚不清楚脊索残余转化的分子机制。TBXT基因复制(27%的病例)和PIK3CA信号突变(16%)已得到描述{24990759;29026114;33536423}。也报道有一个新的LYST失活突变(10%){29026114;33536423}。在颅底脊索瘤中,SWI/SNF复合体成员PBRM1/SETD2的改变以及CDKN2A纯合缺失(33536423)是最常见的事件(占16%)。由纯合SMARCB1基因缺失导致的INI1表达缺失发生在低分化脊索瘤中{27067307}。脊索瘤表现为分叶状实质性肿瘤,呈胶状外观,典型侵袭骨骼并延伸至周围组织(Chordomas present as lobulated solid tumours with a gelatinous appearance typically invading the bone and extending into the surrounding tissue)普通脊索瘤表现为小叶结构,小叶被纤维间隔分隔。肿瘤细胞在黏液样基质中形成索状或带状。细胞大,胞浆清晰,嗜酸性。当细胞质呈空泡状或泡状(acuolated or bubbly)时,它们被定义为空泡细胞(physaliphorous cells)。可观察到异核病和核包涵体。核仁突出,少见有丝分裂和凋亡小体。亚型:软骨样脊索瘤主要由透明软骨样细胞外基质组成(Chondroid chordoma represents a subtype composed predominantly of hyaline cartilage-like extracellular matrix.)。去分化脊索瘤是双相肿瘤(biphasic tumours),由普通脊索瘤与高级别肉瘤并置组成(composed of conventional chordoma juxtaposed to high-grade sarcoma.)。在常规成分中保存有鼠短尾突变体表型和细胞角蛋白的表达,而肉瘤区域可能对其缺失( Brachyury and cytokeratin expression is preserved in the conventional component while sarcomatous areas can lose them ){31652338;32427623}。低分化脊索瘤由上皮样或横纹肌样细胞组成(consists of epithelioid or rhabdoid cells),缺乏黏液区和空泡细胞( lacks myxoid areas and physaliphorous cells)。保留鼠短尾突变体表型免疫染色。INI -1表达缺失{27067307;29483606}。免疫组化:鼠短尾突变体表型(Brachyury)表达为诊断标志{16538613;18301055;26099010}。鉴别诊断:包括良性{31421435}和不典型{27819871}脊索细胞肿瘤。软骨样脊索瘤应与低级别软骨肉瘤相鉴别挤压或压印制备(Squash or imprint preparations)显示团簇或分散的一致的的细胞( clusters or dispersed uniform cells),在黏液状和/或纤维状基质中,胞浆呈弱嗜酸性或透明空泡状(嗜酸细胞)[ weakly eosinophilic or clear, vacuolated cytoplasm (physaliphorous cells) in a myxoid and/or fibrillary matrix]。尚无普通脊索瘤(Conventional chordoma)的诊断分子标记物报道。纯合子SMARCB1缺失支持低分化脊索瘤的诊断。普通脊索瘤:在黏液样到软骨样基质中的上皮样细胞和空泡细胞,且有鼠短尾突变体表型表达(Conventional chordoma: epithelioid and physaliphorous cells in a myxoid to chondroid matrix and brachyury expression)去分化脊索瘤:额外的肉瘤成分(Dedifferentiated chordoma: additional sarcomatous component)低分化脊索瘤:不典型上皮样细胞到横纹肌样细胞的聚集;INI1表达缺失,保留鼠短尾突变体表型(Poorly differentiated chordoma: aggregates of atypical epithelioid to rhabdoid cells; loss of INI1 expression and retained brachyury)脊索瘤按照骨肉瘤的治疗方案(the bone sarcoma protocols )分期脊索瘤是生长缓慢,但具有局部进袭性的肿瘤。未完全切除是影响预后的主要因素。鞍内脊索瘤成人患者预后较颅底脊索瘤患者的差{29061463},可能是由于切除不完全和术后内分泌后遗症。去分化和低分化脊索瘤是高度进袭性肿瘤{27067307109;29361006;29483606;31528536}。
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