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“律师”的表达有很多种,都一样吗?

 白鹤云轩 2023-05-30 发布于广东

律师一词在《现代汉语实用词典》里定义为:受当事人委托或法院指定,依法协助当事人进行诉讼,出庭辩护,以及处理有关法律事务的专业人员。英语中关于律师的表达有很多种,它们的含义都一样吗?

1.“诉讼律师”和“非诉律师”的区别是什么?英文如何翻译?是“solicitor”和“barrister”吗?

2.“公职律师”的英文怎么翻译?

3.实习律师、授薪律师、律师助理与执业律师如何区分,用英文如何表达?

1“诉讼律师”和“非诉律师”的区别是什么?英文如何翻译?是“solicitor”和 “barrister”吗?

从业务种类来说,律师业务主要分为诉讼业务与非诉业务。

在业务构成方面,诉讼业务主要分为民事、刑事和行政业务;非诉业务主要分为IPO(首次公开发行股票)、投资协议、股权结构安排等业务。在收入构成方面,诉讼业务的收费主要包括常年顾问费用和案件单独收取的费用;非诉业务主要包括常年顾问费用和IPO(首次公开发行股票)、三板、发债、尽职调查等专项顾问费用。在工作内容方面,诉讼业务主要包括撰写起诉状、答辩状、代理意见、出庭应诉等;非诉业务主要包括撰写IPO工作报告、三板法律意见书、修改投资协议等。

在英美法中,虽然“solicitor”和“barrister”分别有着与“非诉律师”和“诉讼律师”相似的含义,但也存在细微的差别,比如,在属于英美法系的香港法律中,“solicitor”和“barrister”则分别具有以下的含义:

一般律师(solicitor):指的是刚刚考到律师执照,但仍需跟着师父一年,处理一些民事诉讼,工作的地方是一般的律师事务所,直属律师协会管理。

大律师(barrister):指的通过一年律师行业实习之后,通过大律师协会批准之后成为大律师,一般处理一些比较重要的大案子,但是大律师接受案子必须经过一般的律师事务所,同一般的律师事务所合作。通常他们的案子都会在高等法院审训,他们可以在一些重要案子的审训的时候戴上假发套。管理大律师的机构是大律师协会!

大律师barrister是出庭律师,事务律师(solicitor)接近于非诉律师,在香港大律师可以在高等法院、终审法院出庭,需要戴假发,事务律师则不行,除了承担非诉讼类案件外,只能在专门法院活动,比如治安法院。不过近年来,一些富有诉讼经验的事务律师,因一些特殊情况获准在较高级别的法院为当事人辩护。

因此,最准确的译法就是根据国内“诉讼律师”和“非诉律师”的含义对其进行翻译,以免出现歧义,因而可以将“诉讼律师”和“非诉律师”译为“litigation lawyer”和“non-litigation lawyer”。

同时经Google搜索查证,可以发现,这两种说法也是存在的:

Resolving or settling any dispute without bringing in a lawsuit or without the intervention of the Court, is non-litigation. The concept of non-litigation evolves around “not to bear the rigour of the law, rather it is better settling/resolving issues without expensive lawsuits and court interventions.

Litigation

To put it simply litigation consists of two parts – (i) preparing a strategy for your client to win a dispute and (ii) using/ complying with procedure to execute it. This involves drafting of court documents, appearing before a judge and interactions with your client.

Non-litigation

This includes transactional work - contracts, agreements, real estate, corporate etc. A water-tight agreement ensures that your client is safe-guarded from any future litigation. You are helping the client to avoid legal issues later on. Unlike litigation, you are not required to go to courtroom or appear before a judge, and most of your time would go in attending meetings and working at your desk.

因此,可以将诉讼律师和非诉讼律师分别译为“litigation lawyers”和“non-litigation lawyers”,有时根据语境也可直接将诉讼律师译为“trial lawyers”。

以下为相关双语示例,供参考:

国际自然保护联盟指出,该联盟与其它伙伴协作,为东部非洲组办了一个珊瑚礁训练讲习班(2009年11月,南非索德瓦纳),出席讲习班的有科学家、资源管理人员、执法人员和诉讼律师。

The International Union for Conservation of Nature observed that, in collaboration with other partners, it had organized a coral reef training workshop for East Africa (Sodwana, South Africa, November 2009), which was attended by scientists, resource managers, law enforcement officers and litigators.

来源:译问

https://www./question/5062/answer/4573

2“公职律师”的英文怎么翻译?

《中国的司法改革白皮书》中将其译为了“public defender”。

中国借鉴国际上建立公职律师和公司律师制度的经验,2002年以来,国家推行公职律师和公司律师试点,为政府决策和公司重大经营提供法律意见,进一步完善了社会律师(包括专职律师和兼职律师)、公职律师、公司律师共同发展的律师队伍结构。

China has borrowed international experience in establishing the systems of public defenders and corporate lawyers. Since 2002, the country has trial-established the systems to provide legal counsel for government decision-making and major corporate operations, thus improving the structure of the law business that is composed of public defenders, corporate lawyers as well as lawyers in the common sense (including full-time and part-time ones).

但这一译法并不够准确。

因为,在我国,公职律师是国家行政部门设立的政府律师,由政府支付薪水,属于国家公务员序列, 主要办理本机关法律事务,以提高政府机构依法行政水平,在法律上维护国家利益,公职律师不得为社会提供有偿法律服务。其工作内容包括:1、为政府及其所属部门决策提供法律意见,特别是对涉及全局性的特点、难点问题的法律论证,提供可行性分析;2、参与党委、政府领导信访接待工作;3、承办行政复议和行政诉讼案件;4、为政府系统提供法律咨询服务;5、开展法制宣传教育,义务为公民解答法律咨询问题。而根据元照英美法词典对public defender的释义,即:public defender 经法院指定或政府机构聘用的律师,其主要工作是为刑事案件中的贫穷被告人进行辩护。联邦和绝大多数州都设有公设辩护人,以及其在维基百科中的英文释义:A public defender is a lawyer appointed to represent people who otherwise cannot reasonably afford to hire a lawyer to defend themselves in a trial,我们可以发现public defender的职责主要是在刑事案件中为被告人进行辩护。因此,两者的职责范畴是不对等的,public defender的范围要窄一些。

因此,不如自创一词,使用government lawyers来表示公职律师,以government强调其律师属性,表明我们国家的公职律师一职并不等同于国外的public defender。

来源:译问

https://www./question/2380/answer/2605

3实习律师、授薪律师、律师助理与执业律师如何区分,用英文如何表达?

实习律师:Internship lawyer

实习律师通常是指正在接受法律教育的学生在律师事务所或法律组织中实习,以获得实践经验,还没有取得律师执业资格,通常在执业律师的监督下工作。

Internship lawyer: A law student who is working in a law firm or legal organization to gain practical experience in the legal profession. They are not yet licensed to practice law and typically work under the supervision of a practicing lawyer.

授薪律师:Salaried lawyer

授薪律师指的是在律师事务所或法律组织中受雇的律师,获得固定薪资,可能拥有执业律师的资格,也可能还未取得资格。

Salaried lawyer: A lawyer who is employed by a law firm or legal organization and receives a fixed salary for their work. They may or may not be licensed to practice law.

律师助理:Legal assistant

律师助理是指在律师事务所或法律组织中工作的非律师,协助律师完成工作,例如进行法律研究、起草文件和管理客户档案等。

Legal assistant: A non-lawyer who works in a law firm or legal organization to support lawyers in their work. They may perform tasks such as conducting legal research, drafting documents, and managing client files.

执业律师:Practicing lawyer

执业律师是指获得律师执业资格并获得授权在法律行业中实践的律师,可以作为独立执业者或受雇于律师事务所或法律组织。

Practicing lawyer: A licensed lawyer who is authorized to practice law and may work as an independent practitioner or be employed by a law firm or legal organization.

综上,各自英文表达如下:

实习律师:Internship lawyer或Law student intern

授薪律师:Salaried lawyer或Lawyer on salary

律师助理:Legal assistant或Paralegal

执业律师:Practicing lawyer或Lawyer

来源:译问

https://www./question/5208/answer/4718

译问

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