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动词不定式 动词不定式是初中英语的语法重点之一，也是每年中考英语试题的考点之一。它是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，不能单独作句子的谓语。其构成形式为"to+动词原形"，to为动词不定式的符号，本身无意义。动词不定式具有两大特点： 1.具有动词的特点，因此，后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语，构成动词不定式短语。 2.具有名词、形容词或副词的特点，可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等。下面以近几年全国部分省市的中考英语试题为例，对不定式的难点以及它在中考英语中的考查点，作一简要的总结和分析，供同学们学习时参考。 一、动词不定式作主语 1. It's our duty _________ the room every day. A. to clean B. cleaned C. clean D. cleans(甘肃省) 2. It's hard for us _________ English well. A. learn B. learns C. to learn D. learning(江西省) 3.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。 It will _________ the workers over a year _________ _________ the flyover.(北京市海淀区) 4. It's very nice _________ you to get me two tickets _________ the World Cup. A. for， of B. of， for C. to， for D. of， to(安徽省) Keys： 1. A 2. C 3. take， to， build 4. B [简析]动词不定式作主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词前面的主语位置，也可以用先行词it作形式主语，而将真正的主语(不定式)置于后面。常见的句式有：(1)It is +形容词(of sb)to do sth.(2)It is +名词(for sb)to do sth.(3)It takes sb some time to do sth.(4)It is +形容词(for sb)to do sth.句式(1)中常用nice， kind， clever， good， right， wrong， foolish， careless等形容词，与介词of搭配，这些形容词常表述不定式逻辑主语的属性或性质;句式(4)中常用hard， difficult， easy， important等形容词，与介词for搭配，表示不定式表示的动作、行为的性质。 二、动词不定式作宾语 1. He wants ______ some vegetables. A. buy B. buying C. to buy D. buys (山西省) 2. Don't forget ______ your homework with you when you come to school. A. to bring B. bringing C. to take D. taking (福建省) 3. He found it very difficult ______. A. sleeping B. sleepsC. slept D. to fall asleep (湖南省) Keys： 1. C 2. A 3. D [简析]在want， like， agree， hope， wish， learn， begin， start， seem， decide， hate， choose， forget， remember等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。如果其后接形容词补足语时，则可以用it作形式宾语，而把作真正宾语的不定式放到后面。 三、动词不定式作宾语补足语 1. Robert often asks us ______ his Chinese, so his Chinese is much better than before. A. help him B. to help him with C. to help with D. helps him with (江苏省) 2. Mr Li often teaches his Japanese friends ______ Chinese food. A. cook B. cooks C. to cook D. cooked (甘肃省) Key： 1. B 2. C [简析]不定式可以用作宾语补足语。后面可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask， teach， expect， tell， allow等。 四、动词不定式作状语 1. She went ______ her teacher. A. to see B. looks C. saw D. seeing (江西省) 2. Meimei likes English very much. She does her best ______ English well. A. learn B. learning C. to learn D. learns (四川省) Key： 1. A 2. C [简析]go， come， try， do / try one's best等动词或短语动词作谓语时，其后常常可以接不定式作目的状语。 3. I'm sorry ______ that. A. hears B. hearing C. hear D. to hear (河北省) 4. I'm sorry ______ you. A. trouble B. to trouble C. troubling D. troubled (吉林省) 5. My mother was very glad ______ her old friend. A. to meet B. meet C. met D. meets (甘肃省) Keys： 3. D 4. B 5. A [简析]"be +形容词+ to do sth"结构中的不定式作状语，常表示原因或方式。 6. The panda is so fat that it can't go through the hole.(改为意思相同的句子) The hole ______ ______ ______ ______ such a fat panda to go through. (广东省) 7. The ice on the lake was so thin that people couldn't skate on it. (改为意思相同的句子) The ice on the lake wasn't ______ enough ______ people ______ ______ ______. (广东省) Keys： 6. is， too， small， for 7. thick， for， to， skate， on [简析]在上述"too +形容词/副词(for sb)to do…"(太……而不能……)和"enough (for sb) to do…"(足以、足够……做……)结构中，不定式作结果状语。 五、动词不定式作定语 1. Would you like something ______? A. drink B. drinking C. to drink D. drinks (湖北省) 2. I have a lot of homework ______. A. do B. doing C. did D. to do (河南省) 3. He is not an easy man ______. A. get on B. to get on C. get on with D. to get on with (山东省) Key： 1. C 2. D 3. D [简析]不定式作定语时，常放在被修饰的词语之后，与被修饰的词语为逻辑上的主谓关系或动宾关系;如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，其后要加上必要的介词或副词，构成的短语动词相当于及物动词。 六、不带to的动词不定式 1. We saw him ______ the building and go upstairs. A. to enter B. enter C. entering D. entered (河南省) 2. So much work usually makes them ______ very tired. A. to feel B. feels C. feeling D. feel (吉林省) 3. Your father is sleeping. You'd better ______. A. not wake up him B. not to wake up him C. not wake him up D. not to wake him up (陕西省) 4. I was made ______ my homework in the afternoon. A. do B. doing C. to do D. did (贵州省) Key： 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C [简析]1.在see， watch， hear， feel等感官动词和make， have， let等使役动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式不带to.但是在被动语态中，作主语补足语的不定式要带to(let没有被动语态)。2.在"had better"后面接不带to的不定式。 七、动词不定式的否定形式 1. Mr Black asked the man ________ the queue. A. not to jump B. to not jump C. didn't jump D. not jump (广西壮族自治区) 2. The old man told the child ______ noisy. A. not be B. not to be C. to not be D. be not (湖北省) 3. There is going to ______ an important meeting tomorrow. Please try ______ late. A. have， not to be B. have， not be C. be， not to be D. be， not be (内蒙古自治区) Key： 1. A 2. B 3. C [简析]动词不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符号to的前面加上not，如果是不带to的不定式就直接在动词原形前面加上not. 八、某些动词后面接不定式和接动词-ing形式的区别 1. Please stop ______ a rest if you feel tired. A. to have B. having C. have D. has (广西壮族自治区) 2. ——Why didn't you buy some bread on your way home? ——Sorry, I forgot ______ some money with me. A. take B. taking C. to take D. took (湖北省) 3. ——Let's have a rest, shall we? ——Not now, I can't stop ______ the letters. A. write B. to write C. writing D. and write (湖北省) 4. Jim was badly hurt, so he had to stop ______ (walk). (用所给单词的正确形式填空)(四川省) Key： 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. walking [简析]一些常见的动词后面接不定式和接动词的-ing形式的区别如下："stop to do sth"意为"停止正在做的事情去做另外一件事"，"stop doing sth"意为"停止正在做的事"："remember to do sth"意为"记住去做某事"(事还未做)，"remember doing sth"意为"记得做过某事"(事已做)："go on to do sth"意为"接着做某事"(做完一事，接着做另一事)，"go on doing sth"意为"继续做某事"(一事未做完接着往下做)："forget to do sth"意为"忘了做某事"(事还未做)，"forget doing sth"意为"忘了曾做过某事"(事已做)。 5. When I was walking in the street I saw a plane ______ over my head. A. flies B. flying C. flew D. to fly (福建省) 6. A woman saw it ______ when she was walking past. A. happen B. happens C. happening D. to happen (黑龙江省) Key： 5. B 6. A [简析]在see， hear， watch， feel等感官动词后面可接不带to的不定式，也可接动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，用不定式表示动作的全过程(动作已结束)，用动词的-ing形式表示动作正在进行(动作尚未结束)。 九、动词不定式的省略及其符号to的保留 1. Would you like to go to the cinema with us? Yes, ______. What time are we going to meet? A. I would B. I would like C. I like to D. I'd like to (浙江省) 2. Would you like to go for a picnic with us? ______. What time are we going to meet? A. No, I can't B. Yes, I'm glad C. Yes, I'd love to D. I'd like (大连市) Keys： 1. D 2. C [简析]在口语中，动词不定式中的动词或短语动词在上下文中重复出现时，第二个动词不定式可以省略，但是to不可省略。这种用法常见于"be glad to"，"would like (love) to"，"have to"等结构中。 十、动词不定式的被动式和其他形式 The new hospital ______ is near the factory. A. build B. builds C. to build D. to be built (青海省) Key： D [简析]当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者(宾语)时，用动词不定式的被动式，即：to be +过去分词;如果不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前，不定式用完成式，即：to have +过去分词;如果不定式表示的动作和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，用不定式的进行式，即：to be +现在分词 比较and和or 1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。 2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点： There is no air or water in the moon。 There is no air and no water on the moon。 在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。 典型例题 ---I don't like chicken ___ fish. ---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much。 A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and 答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。 判断改错： (错) We will die without air and water。 (错) We can't live without air or water。 (对) We will die without air or water。 (对) We can't live without air and water。 单词及词组分组辨析 1. clothes, cloth, clothing clothes 统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数，cloth 指布，为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称 指一件衣服用 a piece of, an article of 2. incident , accident incident指小事件, accident 指不幸的事故 He was killed in the accident. 3. amount, number amount 后接不可数名词，number 后接可数名词 a number of students 4. family, house, home home 家，包括住处和家人，house 房子，住宅，family 家庭成员。My family is a happy one. 5. sound, voice, noise sound 自然界各种各样的声音，voice 人的嗓音，noise 噪音 I hate the loud noise outside. 6. photo, picture, drawing photo 用照相机拍摄的照片，picture 可指相片，图片，电影片，drawing 画的画 Let's go and see a good picture. 7. vocabulary, word vocabulary 词汇，一个人拥有的单词量，word 具体的单词 He has a large vocabulary. 8. population, people population 人口，人数，people 具体的人 China has a large population. 9. weather, climate weather 一天内具体的天气状况，climate 长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you. 10. road, street, path, way road 具体的公路，马路，street 街道，path 小路，小径，way 道路，途径 take this road; in the street, Show me the way to the museum. 11. course, subject course 课程(可包括多门科目)，subject 科目(具体的学科)a summer course 12. custom, habit custom 传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接 to do，habit 生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接 of doing. I've got the habit of drinking a lot. 13. cause, reason cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接 of sth./doing sth，reason 用来解释某种现象或 结果的理由，后接 for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late 14. exercise, exercises, practice exercise 运动，锻炼(不可数)，exercises 练习(可数)，practice(反复做的)练习。 Practice makes perfect. 15. class, lesson 作“课”解时，两者可以替换。指课文用 lesson. 指班级或全体学生用 class. Lesson 6; Class 5 16. speech, talk, lecture speech 指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，talk 日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，lecture 学术性的演讲，讲课 a series of lecture on … 17. officer, official officer 部队的军官，official 政府官员 an army officer 18. work, job 二者均指工作。work 不可数，job 可数 a good job。 19. couple, pair couple 主要指人或动物，pair 多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers 20. country, nation, state, land country 侧重指版图，疆域，nation 指人民，国民，民族，state 侧重指政府，政体，land 国土， 国家 The whole nation was sad at the news. 21. cook, cooker cook 厨师，cooker 厨具 He is a good cook. 22. damage, damages damage 不可数名词，损害，损失; damages 复数形式，赔偿金 $900 damages 23. police, policeman police 警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman 指某个具体的警察 The police are questioning everyone in the house. 24. problem, question problem 常和困难连系，前面的动词常为 think about, solve, raise，question 常和疑问连系， 多和ask, answer 连用。 25. man, a man man 人类，a man 一个男人 Man will conquer nature. 26. chick, chicken 二者均可指小鸡，chicken 还可以当鸡肉 The chicken is delicious. 27. telegram, telegraph 当电报解时，telegram 指具体的，telegraph 指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph 28. trip, journey, travel, voyage travel 是最常用的，trip 指短期的旅途，journey 指稍长的旅途，voyage 指海上航行 a three-day trip 29. sport, game sport 多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等;game 指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套 规则 His favorite sport is swimming. 30. price, prize price 价格，prize 奖，奖品，奖金 win the first prize The price is high/low 31. a number of, the number of a number of 许多，谓语动词用复数。the number of … 的数目，谓语动词用单数。The number of students is increasing. 32. in front of, in the front of in front of 范围外的前面，in the front of 范围内的前面 In the front of the room sits a boy. 33. of the day, of a day of the day 每一天的，当时的，当代的，of a day 暂时的，不长久的 a famous scientist of the day 34. three of us, the three of us three of us 我们(不止三个)中的三个，the three of us 我们三个(就三个人)The three of us --- Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema. 35. by bus, on the bus by bus 表手段，方式，不用冠词，on the bus 表范围 They went there by bus. 36. for a moment, for the moment for a moment 片刻，一会儿，for the moment 暂时，一时 Thinking for a moment, he agreed. 37. next year, the next year next year 明年，将来时间状语，the next year 第二年，过去将来时间状语 He said he would go abroad the next year. 38. more than a year, more than one year more than a year 一年多，more than one year 超过一年(两年或三年等) 39. take advice, take the(one's) advice take advice 征求意见，take the advice 接受忠告 He refused to take the advice and failed again. 40. take air, take the air take air 传播，走漏，take the air 到户外去，散步 We take the air every day. 41. in a word, in words in a word 总之，一句话， in words 口头上 In a word, you are right. 42. in place of, in the place of in place of 代替，in the place of 在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one. 43. in secret, in the secret in secret 秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语;in the secret 知道内情，知道秘密， 一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning. 44. a girl, one girl a girl 可泛指所有女孩, one girl 一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box? 45. take a chair, take the chair take a chair 相当于 sit down 坐下，take the chair 开始开会 50. in charge of, in the charge of in charge of 管理，负责照料， in the charge of 由……照料 He is in charge of the matter. The matter is in the charge of her. 51. in class, in the class in class 在课上，in the class 在班级里 He is the best student in the class. 52. on fire, on the fire on fire 着火, on the fire 在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire. 53. out of question, out of the question out of question 毫无疑问的，out of the question 不可能的 54. a second, the second a second 又一，再一，the second 第…… He won the second prize. 55. by day, by the day by day 白天，by the day 按天计算 The workers are paid by the day. 56. the people, a people the people 指人，a people 指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people. 57. it, one it 同一物体，one 同类不同一 I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one. 58. that, this that 指代上文所提到的，this 导出下文所要说的 I was ill. That's why …. 59. none, nothing, no one none 强调有多少，nothing, no one 强调有没有，nothing 指物，no one 指人 --- How many …/ How much …? --- None. 60. anyone, any one anyone 指人，不能接 of，any one 指人物均可，可接 of any one of you 61. who, what who 指姓名或关系，what 指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher. 62. what, which what 的选择基础是无限制的，which 在一定范围内进行选择 Which do you prefer, bananas or apples? 63. other, another other 后接名词复数，another 后接名词单数 other students, another student 64. not a little, not a bit not a little 非常，not a bit 一点也不 I'm not a bit tired. 我一点儿也不累。 65. many, much, a lot of many 和可数名词连用，much 和不可数名词连用，a lot of 可数，不可数均可，但不用于否定句 I haven't many books. 66. much more … than, many more … than much more … than 后接形容词或不可数名词，many more … than 后接可数名词 many more people, much more water, much more beautiful 67. no, not no = not a/any no friend = not a/any friend no water = not any water 68. no more than, not more than no more than 相当于 only，仅仅，只有，not more than 至多，不超过 69. majority, most majority 只能修饰可数名词，most 可数不可数均可 the majority of people 70. by oneself, for oneself, to oneself, of oneself by oneself 单独的，独自的，for oneself 为自己，to oneself 供自己用的，of oneself 自行的， 自动的 The door opened of itself. 71. at all, after all at all 根本，全然, after all 到底，毕竟 After all he is a child. 72. tall, high tall 常指人或动物，high 常指物体 He is tall. 73. fast, quickly fast 侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点，quickly 侧重指某事完成或发生的快 run fast, answer the question quickly 74. high, highly high 具体的高，highly 抽象的高，高度的 think highly of 75. healthy, healthful healthy 健康的，健壮的，healthful 有益于健康的 healthful exercise 76. sleeping, asleep, sleepy sleeping 正在睡觉，asleep 睡着，熟睡，只能做表语，sleepy 困的，有睡意的 a sleeping baby The baby is asleep. I'm sleepy. 77. gold, golden gold 指真金制品，golden 指金色的，但金鱼用 gold fish, a gold ring 78. most, mostly most 用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于 very，当大部分，大多数解时是形容词或名词， mostly 大部分，是副词 most people, the people are mostly … 79. just, very just 表强调时是副词，作状语，very 表强调时是形容词，用作定语 the very man, just the man 80. wide, broad wide 侧重于一边到另一边的距离，broad 侧重于幅面的宽广broad shoulders 81. real, true real 真的，真实的，指的是事实上存在而不是想象的，true 真的，真正的，指的是事实和实际情况相符合 real gold, a true story 82. respectful, respectable respectful 尊敬，有礼貌，respectable 可敬的，值得尊敬的 be respectful to the aged 83. outwards, outward 二者均可用作副词，表示向外，外面，outward 还可用作形容词 an outward voyage 84. pleasant, pleased, pleasing pleasant 常用作定语，pleased, pleasing 常用作表语，pleased 主语常为人， pleasing 主语常为物 a pleasant trip The trip is pleasing. 85. understanding, understandable understanding 明白事理的，能体谅的，understandable可理解的，能够懂的 an understanding girl, an understandable mistake 86. close, closely close 接近，靠近，closely 紧紧地，紧密地 closely connected, stand close 87. ill, sick ill 做表语，sick 定，表均可 a sick boy 88. good, well good 形容词，well 副词，但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again. 89. quiet, silent, still quiet 安静的，可以发出小的声音，silent 不发出声音，但可以动，still 完全不动，完全无声响 He stand there still. 他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。 90. hard, hardly hard 努力，hardly 几乎不 work hard, I can hardly believe it. 91. able, capable able 与不定式 to do 连用，capable 与 of 连用 He is capable of doing … 92. almost, nearly 二者均为“几乎,差不多”和否定词连用用 almost almost nobody 93. late, lately late 迟，晚，lately 最近，近来 I haven't seen him lately. 94. living, alive, live, lively living, alive, live 均为活着的，living 定表均可，alive 定表均可，定语后置，live 只能做 定语，lively 意为活波的 all the living people = all the people alive 95. excited, exciting excited 使人兴奋的，exciting 令人兴奋的 I'm excited. The news is exciting. 96. deep, deeply deep 具体的深，deeply 抽象的深，深深地 deeply moved, dig deep 97. aloud, loud aloud 出声地，loud 大声地 read aloud (出声地读) 98. worth, worthy 二者均为值得，worth 后接 doing，worthy 后接 to be done126. care about, care for care about 关心，计较，在乎，一般多用于否定句中;care for 关心，照料，喜欢，愿意 He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care for movies. 99 catch a cold, have a cold catch a cold 不能和表示“一段时间”的状语连用，而 have a cold 可以 She has had a cold for a week. 100. change for, change into change for 调换成，change into 变成 Change the shirt for a bigger one. Water changes into ice. 101. continue, last 二者均为持续，continue 主动，被动均可，last 只能用主动 The war continued/lasted five years. The story is to be continued. 102. feed, raise feed 喂养，养活，饲养 (to give food to)，raise 饲养，养育 (cause to grow, bring up children) raise the family 103. go for a doctor, go to a doctor go for a doctor 去请医生，go to a doctor 去看病 104. notice, observe, catch sight of notice 注意到，observe 观察，仔细地看，catch sight of 突然看到 observe the stars 105. insist on, stick to insist on 坚持要求，后常接 doing, stick to 坚持, 后常接 sth., stick to the plan 106. look, seem, appear look 指从外表上看，seem 指内心的判断，appear 指给人以表面的印象 appear wise, look like his father 107. gather, collect gather 把分散的东西集中到一起，collect 指精心地、有选择地进行收集 collect stamps 108. mean to do, mean doing mean to do 打算，想要做某事，mean doing 意思是，意味着 By this I mean giving the students more practice. 109. die from, die of die from 表示死于(枪)伤，虚弱，过度劳累，饮食过度等，die of 表示死于疾病，饥饿， 寒冷，年老，忧愁，失恋等精神因素 die of hunger and cold 110. pay for, pay back, pay off pay for 为…付钱，pay back 还钱，但不一定还清，pay off 还清 pay for the book, pay off the debt 111. divide, separate divide 把一个整体分成几部分，separate 把连在一起的个体分开 divide the apple, separate the houses 112. arrive, get, reach arrive 不及物动词，后接 in (大地点)，at(小地点)，get 不及物动词后接 to，reach 及物动词 arrive in Beijing, get to Beijing, reach Beijing 113. grow, plant grow 使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去，plant 移植，移栽已经长成秧苗的植物 plant the trees, trees are growing 114. manage, try manage to do 设法做成了某事，try to do 尽力去做某事但不一定成功 He tried to pass the exam, but he failed. 115. choose, select choose 凭个人的判断力进行选择，select 有目的地仔细认真地选择 choose the best answer 116. build, put up, set up, found build 一般用语，建成，put up 临时搭建，set up 建成(内部的设施基本齐全)， found 国家或组织的建成 put up a tent, set up a school 117. be familiar to, be familiar with be familiar to 某物对某人来说是熟悉的，be familiar with 某人熟悉某物 The book is familiar to me. I'm familiar with the book. 118. agree with, agree to, agree on agree with 同意某人，agree to 同意某事，agree on 在……上达成一致意见，主语是复数 agree with you, agree to the plan 119. throw to, throw at throw to 扔到……, throw at 朝……扔 He throw a stone at me. 120. receive, accept receive 收到某一东西，但不一定接受，accept 接受 I received a gift, but I didn't accept it. 121. wear, put on, dress wear 和 dress 表状态, wear 接衣服等，可用进行时，dress 接人，be dressed in, put on 表动作 It's cold outside. Put on your warm clothes. 122. listen, hear listen 强调动作，hear 强调结果 I listened, but I heard nothing. |
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