① Gluten 麸质，又称面筋、麦胶或谷蛋白，是存在于小麦、大麦和黑麦中的一类蛋白质。麸质具有粘稠的特性，这种特性给了面食以耐嚼的特点。许多常见的主食，像面包、面条、馒头、饺子等，都是属于含麸质食物。 Translation: Gluten, also named as 面筋 (miàn jīn), 麦胶 (mài jiāo) or 谷蛋白 (gǔ dàn bái) , is a mixture of proteins found in wheat, barley, rye and their derivatives. Gluten is a unique protein giving a wheat dough viscoelastic properties. Gluten is found in many staple foods including breads, noodles, steamed buns and dumplings. ② Gluten-related disorders 麸质相关失调指的是由麸质造成的疾病的总称。麸质相关失调包括乳糜泻（celiac disease）、疱疹样皮炎（dermatitis herpetiformis）、非乳糜泻的小麦敏感（non-celiac wheat sensitivity）和麸质共济失调（gluten ataxia）。有时，麸质不耐受（gluten intolerance）一词会用于指代麸质相关失调。 Translation: Gluten-related disorders is the umbrella term for all diseases induced by gluten. Gluten-related disorders include celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, and gluten ataxia. ”Gluten intolerance” is sometimes used as a synonym for gluten-related disorders. ③ 乳糜泻 (rǔ mí xiè) Celiac disease, coeliac disease 乳糜泻是一种自身免疫病。由于基因的易感性，乳糜泻患者的小肠对麸质无法耐受。患者在进食麸质后会产生免疫系统的反应，进而出现肠道粘膜的炎症；如果持续地摄入麸质，最终将出现小肠绒毛的萎缩。乳糜泻不仅仅是一种肠道疾病，它可能会影响不同的器官，包括大脑和皮肤。乳糜泻的经典症状是消化道症状，包括腹泻和腹胀。然而，在发病初期，乳糜泻的患者可能是无症状的。在全球范围内，乳糜泻大约影响1-2%的人群，包括中国血统的人群。目前，对于乳糜泻，医学界公认的唯一治疗方法是进行终生的无麸质饮食。 Translation: Celiac disease (CD ) is an autoimmune disease in which – due to genetic suscetibility the surface of small intestine does not tolerate dietary gluten. When gluten is ingested, it will stimulate immune response, leading to inflammation of the intestinal mucosa and eventually villus atrophy of the small intestine. CD is not only a gastrointestinal disease; it may involve in any organ, including skin and brain. The classical symptoms of CD include gastrointestinal manifestations such as diarrhea and bloating. However, CD can also be asymptimatic. All over the world, CD may affect approximately 1–2% of the general population, Chinese descent included. To date, the only available medically accepted treatment for people with CD is to follow a life long gluten-free diet. ④ 非乳糜泻的小麦敏感 (fēi rǔmíxiè de xiǎomài mǐngǎn) non-celiac wheat sensitivity（NCWS） 非乳糜泻的小麦敏感指的是，患者不存在乳糜泻或小麦过敏，但在进食麸质后会出现消化道症状或肠外症状，而在排除麸质后症状会得到缓解。常见的消化道症状类似于肠易激综合征（IBS）的症状，比如腹痛、腹胀、腹泻或便秘。常见的肠外症状包括头痛、慢性疲劳、皮炎和精神相关疾病。过去，这种病症常被称作「非乳糜泻的麸质敏感」。但研究表明，小麦中其他物质，比如α-淀粉酶/胰蛋白酶抑制剂（Alpha-Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors），也可能造成症状。因此，非乳糜泻的小麦敏感会是一个更准确的说法。 Translation: Non-celiac wheat sensitivity(NCWS) is a syndrome in which people develop a variety of intestinal or extraintestinal symptoms when gluten is ingested, after celiac disease and wheat allergy are excluded. Gastrointestinal symptoms of NCWS, which resemble those of irritable bowel syndrome, may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea or constipation. Extra-intestinal symptoms may include headache, chronic fatigue, skin rash or other neurologic diseases. NCWS is also known as non-celiac gluten sensitivity. But researches show that some other substances in wheat, such as "Alpha-Amylase Trypsin Inhibitors", could also be the culprit. Hence, non-celiac wheat sensitivity could be a more appropriate term. ⑤ Wheat allergy 小麦过敏是一种由IgE介导的过敏。小麦过敏往往具有典型的过敏症状，包括皮肤瘙痒、荨麻疹、水肿、恶心、呕吐和哮喘等。有时，严重者可能造成过敏性休克。在中国，小麦是造成过敏性休克的首要食物。 Translation: Wheat allergy is an allergy mediated by IgE responses. Wheat allergy has typical symptoms of food allergy, including skin rash, urticaria, swelling, nausea, vomiting and asthma. Severe anaphylactic reaction can also lead to anaphylactic shock. In China, wheat is the most common food that causes anaphylactic shock. ⑥ 无麸质食品 Gluten-free food 无麸质食品，也叫无面筋食品。目前，欧盟对于无麸质食品的制定的标准是每100公斤产品中麸质蛋白低于2g。因此，由小麦制成的面食，大麦制成的啤酒、含小麦成分的酱油等都不是无麸质食品。 部分品种的燕麦有着类似于小麦的蛋白质，它可能会引起小部分乳糜泻患者的症状。并且，燕麦产品常常容易受到小麦和大麦的污染。 无麸质的谷物包括大米、玉米、小米、高粱、荞麦、藜麦等等。蔬菜、肉类、坚果都是无麸质的。乳糜泻患者在确诊之后需要终生地保持无麸质饮食，以确保肠道的恢复。 注：大麦(Barley)是含麸质的。薏米（Pearl Barley）虽然英文名中含有Barley，但它是无麸质的。 Translation: Gluten-free food, also named as “无面筋食品”, is food that contains 20ppm or less gluten. Thus, staple foods made from wheat, beers made from barley, or soy sauces that contains wheat, are not regarded as being gluten free. Proteins (avenins) present in some species of oats is similar to gliadin from wheat and may trigger celiac disease in a small number of people. Also, oat products are frequently contaminated by other gluten-containing grains, maily wheat and barley. Gluten-free grains include rice, corn, millet, sorghum, buckwheat and quinoa. Vegetables, meats and nuts are naturally gluten-free. After being diagnosed with CD, it is required to keep a lifelong gluten-free diet, to ensure the recovery of intestinal mucosa. Note: While barley contains gluten, pearlbarley(seed of Job's tears) is gluten-free. |
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