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动词的被动语态
注1：被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如： Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 注2：汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如： It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that… 注3：下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如： The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door won’t shut. / The play won’t act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 注4：下面词或短语没有被动态： leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 一、语态 主动语态：主+谓（do）+ 宾 + 地点 + 时间 被动语态：主+谓（be done）+by sb+地点+时间 （一）主动语态的各时态句子结构： 1、 一般现在时：S + do + O +…… 2、 一般过去时：S + did + O +…… 3、现在进行时：S + am/is/are doing + O +……* 4、过去进行时：S +was/were doing + O +…… 5、一般将来时：S + will V原 + O +…… 6、过去将来时：S + would V原+ O +…… 7、现在完成时：S + have/has done + O +…… 8、过去完成时：S +had done + O +…… （二） 被动语态的各时态句子结构： 1. 一般现在时：S+ is / am / are done + by sb + …… Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. 2. 一般过去时：S + was / were done + by sb + …… A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 3、现在进行时：S + am/is/are being done + by sb +…… My bike is being repaired by Tom now. Trees are being planted over there by them. 4、过去进行时：S +was/were being done + by sb +…… The sick man was being taken care of by the nurse at that time. A letter was being written by Li Ming when I came in. 5、一般将来时：S + will be done + by sb +…… A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 6、过去将来时：S + would be done + by sb +…… They would be sent to the army when they finished the training. He said my TV would be repaired in the shop the next day. 7、现在完成时：S + have/has been done + by sb +…… This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 8、过去完成时：S +had been done + by sb +…… A tooth had been lost before he went to school. Danny said that the puzzle had been made by Li Ming. 二、 主动语态变被动语态的步骤 1、先找出主动句中的谓语动词,确定宾语；然后将宾语变为被动句中的主语。 （注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。） eg： Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom. 2、将主动句的谓语动词在被动句中改为'be+过去分词'。 eg：They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday. 3、将主动语态中的主语放by后放在谓语动词后。（若是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示'人们'、'大家'的单词，或不需强调的人时变为被动句，通常可省略） 注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。 eg：He sang a song. → A song was sung by him. 4、主动句中的时间地点变为被动句时位置不变。 eg: Li Lei mended the broken bike under the tree this morning. →The broken bike was mended by Li Lei under the tree this morning. 三、不用被动语态的情况： 1. 系动词无被动。 The fish tastes delicious. I feel tired now. 2.不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years? The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 3. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This window needs repairing. This new book is worth reading. 四、主动句变被动句的特殊用法： 1、含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be + done Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 2、主动句中感官动词或使役动词后跟的宾补是V原时，变为被动语态须在宾补前加上to ；若宾补是doing/adj.，变为被动句则不变。 eg： A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by. →My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work. →The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. We saw them coming over.→They were seen coming over. 3、 主动句中谓动接双宾语时，改为被动句把需强调的宾语提前做主语。若是把直接宾语(物)作主语，那么间接宾语（人）要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定（如：give sth to sb; make sth for sb）。 eg. He gave me a book. →A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket. →A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 6、 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 eg. We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laugh at by us. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse. |
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